Comprehensive analysis of risk factors associated with carotid plaque in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Comparison of demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics between the control and observation groups

Parameter	Control group (n = 158)	Observation group (n = 108)	Statistics (t/χ2)	P value
Sex (M/F)	70/88	50/58	0.103	0.748
Age (years)	63.85 ± 8.12	67.10 ± 8.05	3.217	0.002
FC-P (ng/mL)	3.10 ± 1.70	3.18 ± 2.25	0.330	0.742
DBP (mmHg)	82.30 ± 10.50	84.10 ± 9.10	1.448	0.149
TG (mmol/L)	2.05 ± 1.10	2.20 ± 1.30	1.014	0.312
HOMA-IR	4.35 ± 6.20	5.00 ± 6.15	0.842	0.400
FIns (mU/mL)	12.10 ± 12.30	14.15 ± 16.25	1.170	0.243
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.02 ± 0.90	2.85 ± 1.00	1.446	0.149
BMI (kg/m²)	26.10 ± 3.40	27.45 ± 4.20	2.887	0.004
TC (mmol/L)	4.90 ± 1.15	4.68 ± 1.20	1.505	0.133
SBP (mmHg)	131.20 ± 16.50	135.02 ± 17.80	1.796	0.074
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.12 ± 0.32	1.04 ± 0.24	2.208	0.028
HbA1c (%)	7.30 ± 1.70	7.90 ± 1.80	2.760	0.006
UR (mmol/L)	5.42 ± 1.34	5.95 ± 1.60	2.926	0.004
FPG (mmol/L)	7.82 ± 3.22	8.70 ± 3.42	2.134	0.034
Scr (μmol/L)	62.50 ± 13.40	70.20 ± 22.50	3.492	< 0.001
SUA (μmol/L)	320.28 ± 76.06	355.16 ± 92.56	3.360	< 0.001
UACR (mg/g)	1.05 ± 0.40	1.36 ± 0.50	5.602	< 0.001
IMT (mm)	1.06 ± 0.12	2.25 ± 1.00	14.82	< 0.001

BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; FIns: Fasting insulin; FC-P: Fasting C-peptide; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UR: Urea; Scr: Serum creatinine; SUA: Serum uric acid; UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; IMT: Intima-media thickness; M: Male; F: Female.

Table 2 Pearson correlation analysis of intima-media thickness with other indicators

Item	IMT (r)	P value
DBP	0.006	0.943
FC-P	0.01	0.901
TG	0.028	0.671
HOMA-IR	0.035	0.612
Fins	0.049	0.489
LDL-C	0.088	0.198
TC	-0.091	0.174
BMI	0.098	0.162
SBP	0.144	0.035
HDL-C	-0.152	0.023
HbA1c	0.164	0.014
UR	0.171	0.011
SUA	0.188	0.005
FPG	0.201	0.002
Age	0.235	< 0.001
Scr	0.232	< 0.001
UACR	0.283	< 0.001

IMT: Intima-media thickness; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; FIns: Fasting insulin; FC-P: Fasting C-peptide; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UR: Urea; SUA: Serum uric acid; Scr: Serum creatinine; UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of variables associated with intima-media thickness

Factors	β value	SE value	Wald value	OR value	95%CI for OR	P value
FPG	0.091	0.044	4.278	1.096	1.006-1.192	0.039
SBP	0.014	0.009	2.325	1.018	1.002-1.034	0.038
HDL-C	-1.112	0.528	4.978	0.329	0.119-0.917	0.026
UR	0.240	0.108	1.788	1.271	1.062-1.529	0.012
HbA1c	0.210	0.081	6.986	1.234	1.057-1.445	0.009
Age	0.049	0.020	7.823	1.050	1.015-1.087	0.005
SUA	0.006	0.002	8.567	1.006	1.003-1.009	0.003
Scr	0.028	0.012	1.872	1.029	1.011-1.046	0.001
UACR	0.024	0.007	11.210	1.024	1.010-1.037	< 0.001

FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UR: Urea; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; SUA: Serum uric acid; Scr: Serum creatinine; UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; SE: Standard error; OR: Odds ratio.