Construction of a risk prediction model for hypertension in type 2 diabetes: Independent risk factors and nomogram

Table 1 Comparison of general information between two groups of patients

Item	No DH group (n = 16507)	DH group (n = 10343)	P value
Gender [n (%)]			< 0.001
Male	9887 (59.90)	6099 (58.97)
Female	6620 (40.10)	4244 (41.03)
Age (years)	52.21 ± 11.64	61.51 ± 12.01	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.42 ± 1.19	4.02 ± 1.34	< 0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.14 ± 0.42	1.11 ± 0.36	0.168
LDL (mmol/L)	2.76 ± 0.84	2.54 ± 0.92	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	25.11 ± 3.29	27.03 ± 3.86	< 0.001
Duration of diabetes (years ± SD)	6.99 ± 6.54	10.23 ± 7.93	< 0.001
Creatinine (μmol/L)	66.96 ± 21.36	76.29 ± 48.46	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	8.81 ± 2.19	8.57 ± 2.02	< 0.001
GSP (mmol/L)	2.79 ± 0.75	2.60 ± 0.71	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	2.38 ± 2.55	2.35 ± 2.80	0.491
Urine protein [n (%)]			< 0.001
Negative	15464 (93.68)	8274 (80.00)
+	496 (3.00)	596 (5.76)
++	282 (1.71)	617 (5.97)
+++	265 (1.61)	866 (8.37)

DH: Diabetes with hypertension; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; GSP: Glucose serum plasma; TG: Triglycerides.

Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression model analysis

Item	Coefficient (β)	SD	Z-statistic (Z)	P value	OR	95%CI
Constant	-10.25	0.56	-18.55	0.001	0.001	-
Age	0.08	0.008	15.56	0.001	1.09	1.07-1.10
LDL	0.23	0.05	4.32	0.001	1.04	1.02-1.06
BMI	0.25	0.012	16.03	0.001	1.28	1.24-1.31
Duration of diabetes	0.03	0.006	3.98	0.001	1.03	1.02-1.05
Urine Protein
+	0.72	0.25	2.71	0.001	2.03	1.25-3.48
++	1.38	0.34	4.11	0.001	4.00	2.12-8.02
+++	2.82	0.36	7.54	0.001	16.48	8.36-36.58

Coefficient (β) represents the regression coefficient in the multivariate logistic regression model, indicating the change in the log-odds of the outcome per unit change in the predictor variable. SD is the standard error of the coefficient estimate, reflecting its precision. Z-statistic (Z) is calculated by dividing the coefficient by its standard error for significance testing. All P values of 0.001 here imply strong statistical significance. OR is the exponentiated coefficient (β), showing the multiplicative change in the odds of the outcome. LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; BMI: Body mass index.