Investigation and study on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus in Guizhou

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.98438

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Feb 15, 2025 (publication date) through Jan 9, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Diabetes. Feb 15, 2025; 16(2): 98438
Published online Feb 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.98438

Table 1 Comparison of the incidence of gestational diabetes among different ethnic minorities in Guizhou, n (%)

Ethnicity	Number of cases	Non-GDM group	GDM group	χ²	P value
Dong nationality	382	319 (83.5)	63 (16.5)	84.714	< 0.001
Buyi nationality	405	212 (52.3)	193 (47.7)^a
Tujia nationality	359	167 (46.5)	192 (53.5)^a
Miao nationality	422	180 (42.7)	242 (57.3)^a
Others	342	145 (42.4)	197 (57.6)^a

^aP < 0.05.

P calculated by compared with Dong nationality. χ² test was used for the comparison of gestational diabetes mellitus incidence among different ethnic groups. Degrees of freedom = 4. GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Comparison of general data of gestational diabetes mellitus groups and non-gestational diabetes mellitus groups, n (%)

Normal information	Non-GDM group (n = 2800)	GDM group (n = 2838)	χ²/t	P value
Age, year, mean ± SD	28.28 ± 7.76	30.57 ± 5.47	-7.212	< 0.001
Age segment, year			16.069	< 0.001
< 35	2150 (76.8)	2047 (72.1)
≥ 35	650 (23.2)	791 (27.9)
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD	23.59 ± 3.93	25.57 ± 3.88	-19.036	< 0.001
Ethnicity			17.081	< 0.001
Han	1777 (63.5)	1951 (68.7)
Minority	1023 (36.5)	887 (31.3)
Education level			210.721	< 0.001
Junior-senior high school	966 (34.5)	1489 (52.5)
Technical secondary school and junior college	1231 (44.0)	786 (27.7)
Bachelor degree or above	603 (21.5)	563 (19.8)
Occupation¹			19.567	< 0.001
None	2045 (73.0)	1920 (67.7)
Yes	755 (27.0)	918 (32.3)
Gravidity, times			20.180	< 0.001
1	702 (25.1)	691 (24.4)
2	864 (30.8)	742 (26.1)
≥ 3	1234 (44.1)	1405 (49.5)
Parity			2.674	0.263
0	443 (15.8)	491 (17.2)
1	1245 (44.4)	1217 (42.8)
≥ 2	1112 (39.8)	1130 (40.0)
Family history of diabetes			17.263	< 0.001
None	2784 (99.4)	2788 (98.2)
Yes	16 (0.6)	50 (1.8)
Past GDM medical history			1.240	0.266
None	2785 (99.4)	2816 (99.2)
Yes	15 (0.6)	22 (0.8)
Family history of hypertension			1.787	0.181
None	2787 (99.5)	2817 (99.2)
Yes	13 (0.5)	21 (0.8)
History of previous endocrine disorders			7.360	0.007
None	2791 (99.7)	2813 (99.1)
Yes	9 (0.3)	25 (0.9)

¹Represents light physical activity (e.g., office workers, administrative staff).

P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Continuous variables (e.g., age, pre-pregnancy body mass index) are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using the independent t-test. Categorical variables (e.g., age segments, ethnicity, education level) were compared using the χ² test. Degrees of freedom are based on the number of categories for each variable. BMI: Body mass index; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Analysis of binary logistic regression model of general data affecting the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus

Impact factors	Grouping	B	Standard error	Wald	OR	95%CI	P value
Age		0.049	0.008	36.97	1.050	1.034-1.067	< 0.001
Age segment	Less than 35 years old
	≥ 35	1.591	0.131	146.888	4.910	3.796-6.351	< 0.001
Ethnicity	Han
	Minority	-0.251	0.153	2.708	0.885	0.753-0.934	< 0.001
Pre-pregnancy BMI		0.124	0.005	684.835	1.883	1.875-2.192	< 0.001
Work conditions	None
	Yes	3.342	0.159	21.387	3.280	2.705-4.627	< 0.001
Gravidity	1			164.439			< 0.001
	2	0.096	0.094	1.042	1.100	0.916-1.322	0.307
	≥ 3	1.295	0.111	135.59	3.651	2.936-4.541	< 0.001
Education level	Junior-senior high school			439.713			< 0.001
	Technical secondary school and junior college	-0.733	0.105	48.348	0.481	0.391-0.591	< 0.001
	Bachelor degree or above	-3.423	0.163	438.66	0.033	0.024-0.045	< 0.001
Diabetes family medical history	None
	Yes	3.132	0.701	19.938	5.833	5.796-90.612	< 0.001
Previous endocrine history	None
	Yes	1.661	1.002	0.536	0.816	0.074-4.638	0.309

Table 4 Comparison of laboratory data of the gestational diabetes mellitus groups and non-gestational diabetes mellitus groups, mean ± SD, n (%)

Normal information	Non-GDM group (n = 2800)	GDM group (n = 2838)	χ²/Z/t	P value
HGB	101.75 ± 0.187	118.31 ± 0.400	44.472	< 0.001
WBC	9.0 (6.0, 12.0)	8.8 (7.0, 10.8)	-1.512	0.130
PLT	179.0 (137.0, 224.0)	194.0 (153.0, 235.0)	-9.706	< 0.001
ALT	13.0 (9.8, 22.9)	32.0 (27.0, 36.0)	-48.016	< 0.001
AST	18.1 (15.0, 24.7)	29.0 (25.0, 32.0)	-42.249	< 0.001
TP	67.56 ± 0.212	62.08 ± 0.363	-12.468	< 0.001
ALB	36.0 (33.7, 38.0)	30.0 (27.0, 35.0)	-18.978	< 0.001
TBIL	9.0 (6.4, 12.7)	10.7 (6.9, 14.2)	-8.577	< 0.001
DBIL	2.4 (1.8, 3.7)	3.5 (1.7, 5.2)	-9.686	< 0.001
AKP	157.0 (123.0, 178.0)	158.0 (117.1, 198.0)	-4.772	0.152
CRE	50.0 (44.0, 58.0)	58.0 (51.0, 68.0)	-26.454	< 0.001
BUN	5.80 (4.2, 7.5)	3.20 (2.6, 4.1)	-40.192	< 0.001
UA	308.5 (259.1, 360.0)	312.1 (261.0, 368.0)	-7.159	0.212
Blood type			272.546	< 0.001
Type A	724 (25.9)	966 (34.0)
Type B	303 (10.8)	638 (22.5)
Type AB	890 (31.8)	510 (18.0)
Type O	883 (31.5)	724 (25.5)

P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance for the differences observed. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using the independent t-test. Categorical variables, such as blood type, were analyzed using the χ² test. WBC: White blood cell; PLT: Platelet; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ALB: Albumin; CRE: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; HGB: Hemoglobin; TP: Total protein; AKP: Alkaline phosphatase; UA: Uric acid; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 5 Analysis of a binary logistic regression model of general data affecting gestational diabetes mellitus’ occurrence

Impact factors	B	Standard error	Wald	OR	95%CI	P value
HGB	0.137	0.006	598.921	1.147	1.134-1.159	< 0.001
PLT	0.010	0.001	71.200	1.010	0.998-1.012	0.051
AST	0.121	0.0035	68.145	1.042	1.035-1.268	< 0.001
ALT	0.021	0.003	59.191	1.979	1.874-1.984	< 0.001
TP	-0.266	0.015	316.813	0.930	0.867-0.947	< 0.001
ALB	-0.162	0.008	393.139	0.850	0.837-0.864	< 0.001
TBIL	0.635	1.012	43.623	0.916	0.072-3.678	0.609
DBIL	0.008	0.001	53.904	1.008	1.006-1.010	< 0.001
CRE	0.635	1.712	69.623	0.857	0.081-2.145	0.425
BUN	-0.008	0.004	4.159	0.992	0.985-1.000	0.141
Blood Type
Type A			146.589			< 0.001
Type B	0.331	0.181	3.336	1.392	0.976-1.987	0.068
Type AB	-2.103	0.191	121.663	0.122	0.084-0.177	< 0.001
Type O	-0.779	0.160	23.646	0.459	0.335-0.628	< 0.001

P < 0.05 indicates statistical. The Wald test was used to determine the significance of each variable. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the impact factors for the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus. B: Regression coefficient; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; PLT: Platelet; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ALB: Albumin; CRE: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; HGB: Hemoglobin; TP: Total protein.

Citation: Dong L, Zhong W, Qiao T, Wang Z, Liang Y, Zhao DQ. Investigation and study on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus in Guizhou. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(2): 98438
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i2/98438.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.98438