Basic Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2024; 15(6): 1317-1339
Published online Jun 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1317
Table 1 Primer sequences used for quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
Gene
Forward primers
Reverse primers
HIF-1αTGCTCATCAGTTGCCACTTCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAA
BNIP3AATAATGGGAACGGGGGCAGCCCCCTTTCTTCATGACGCT
NIXCACACCAGCAGGGACCATAGTGTGCTCAGTCGCTTTCCAA
FUNDC1CCCCCTCCCCAAGACTATGATGCAAGTCCGAGCAAAAAGC
PINK1AGTCCATTGGTAAGGGCTGCAAATCTGCGATCACCAGCCA
ParkinAATCAGAGGGCTCTGGAGGTTCATCCGAATGGACCGGATT
GAPDHTGACTTCAACAGCGACACCCACACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAA
Table 2 Components of the heying wuzi formulation serum that were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
No.
Title
RT (min)
Area
Ontology
1Phosphatidylethanolamine lyso 2213.947151899972.002-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines
2Phosphatidylethanolamine lyso 1815.32940226900.402-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines
3Citric acid1.820983184061.70Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
4sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine14.45802144480.10Glycerophosphocholines
5(2R,3R,6R,8R,9S,12S,13R,14R,15R,16R)-6,8,14,15-tetrahydroxy-2,6,13,16-tetramethyl-3-{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-10-oxatetracyclo[7.6.1.0,.0,]hexadec-4-en-11-one14.30263143726.20Eudesmanolides, secoeudesmanolides, and derivatives
6Phosphatidylethanolamine lyso 2013.5075080798.772-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines
72-[(4S,5S,5aS,9aS)-4-methoxy-6,6,9a-trimethyl-5-[(2E,4E,6E)-octa-2,4,6-trienoyl]oxy-1-oxo-4,5,5a,7,8,9-hexahydro-3H-benzo[e]isoindol-2-yl]pentanedioic acid15.1273050046.63Glutamic acid and derivatives
8Phosphatidylethanolamine lyso alkenyl 1615.9282820239.35Glycerophosphoethanolamines
9USNIC ACID7.95098417973.83Acetophenones
10FORMONONETIN11.8910816466.154’-O-methylisoflavones
11PFCA-unsaturated1.42016715911.72PFSA
123-hydroxy-1a,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,6b-dimethyl-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrocyclopropa[e]inden-2-one11.2609715753.38Cyclic alcohols and derivatives
134-[5-[[4-[5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]pentylamino]-4-oxobutanoyl]-hydroxyamino]pentylamino]-4-oxobutanoic acid14.49665426921.60N-acyl amines
14LPE 16:014.8161094029.74Lipids
15Cytarabine1.4605028727.73Pyrimidine nucleosides
16Indole-3-acetyl-L-alanine7.71298317271.44Amino acids
17Taurocholic acid13.8930214700.46Trihydroxy bile acids, alcohols, and derivatives
1810-Hydroxydecanoic acid11.3971511104.43Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
19Phosphatidylethanolamine lyso 1615.29023178188.72-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines
20Actrarit6.76053323273.13Benzene and substituted derivatives
21Pyroglutamic acid1.82098319421.45Alpha amino acids and derivatives
22Atenolol acid11.3009712153.77Phenol ethers
23D-PANTOTHENIC ACID1.9413022119.00Secondary alcohols
24Acacetin18.5515715547.794’-O-methylated flavonoids
25(1R,6R,10S,11R,13S,15R)-1,6-dihydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-4,12,12,15-tetramethyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.5.0.0,.0,]pentadeca-3,8-dien-13-yl hexadecanoate14.0273061856.96Phorbol esters
26arctigenin11.8114324300.10Dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans
274-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone20.1991811647.11Beta-hydroxy ketones
2812-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid14.6586084224.38Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids
29(+/-)-Synephrine20.8626072999.331-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
30Phosphatidylcholine lyso 1615.9334059974.722-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines
314-O-Methylphloracetophenone1.1773519537.06Alkyl-phenylketones
325-Methoxy-3-indoleacetic acid8.15396713901.50Indole-3-acetic acid derivatives
33(1R,9S,10S)-3,4-dihydroxy-11,11-dimethyl-5-(propan-2-yl)-16-oxatetracyclo[7.5.2.0,.0,]hexadeca-2(7),3,5-triene-8,15-dione15.3685766856.04Diterpene lactones
343-Isobutylglutaric acid8.21451716494.50Methyl-branched fatty acids
35LPC 18:115.800381556111.00Lipids
36Phosphatidylcholine lyso 1816.4493319155.422-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines
37Reserpine15.1320827432.26Yohimbine alkaloids
38ISOPALMITIC ACID10.76080133306.00Long-chain fatty acids
39Celastrol16.3893016379.43Triterpenoids
40(4E,8E)-10-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1H-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-4,8-dimethyldeca-4,8-dienoic acid15.6035567788.85Terpene lactones
41icos-19-ene-1,2,4-triol11.9448716965.70Long-chain fatty alcohols
42FT-thioether7.47550402198.90PFSA
435-Methoxypsoralen1.379833717938.305-methoxypsoralens
44Chaulmoogric Acid13.6675019960.99Long-chain fatty acids
45Cinnamoylglycine7.75281716160.29N-acyl-alpha amino acids
46Griseofulvin7.0382019173.55Benzofurans
47Ketoisovaleric acid1.8412679078.108Short-chain keto acids and derivatives
48Glycocholic Acid15.75758439946.10Glycinated bile acids and derivatives
49Phosphatidylserine 1815.5643830450.24Phosphatidylserines
50[(6Z,10Z)-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-10-(hydroperoxymethyl)-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-4-yl] 2-methylbutanoate9.35923323463.89Germacranolides and derivatives
51(2E,4E)-1-[(2R,6S,14S,22S,25R)-25-(3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl)-15-methyl-1,3,13,15-tetraazaheptacyclo[18.4.1.0,.0,.0,.0,.0,]pentacosa-7,9,11,16(21),17,19-hexaen-3-yl]hexa-2,4-dien-1-one14.4193393651.37Alpha carbolines
522-[5-[2-[2-[5-(2-hydroxypropyl)oxolan-2-yl]propanoyloxy]propyl]oxolan-2-yl]propanoic acid12.9028730013.75Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
53Bufotalin15.8351745015.64Bufanolides and derivatives
54Furostane base -2H + O-Hex, O-Hex-dHex-dHex-dHex9.31956721781.36Steroidal saponins
55C18(Plasm)-18:1 PC11.9060740133.821-(1Z-alkenyl),2-acyl-glycerophosphocholines
56DErySphingosine10.8389038805.351,2-aminoalcohols
57C12-AE1S (TENTATIVE)12.6223829299.55Sulfuric acid monoesters
58LPC 18:313.62767173150.50Lipids
59Nifekalant6.6415522225.56Phenylpropylamines
60beta-N-Methylaminoalanine13.1098730146.63Alpha amino acids
61Serine-Cholic Acid15.32113551130.30Glycinated bile acids and derivatives
62methyl 4-((10R,13R)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl) pentanoate15.4469519387.68Monohydroxy bile acids, alcohols, and derivatives
63Diatoxanthin7.27206714265.04Triterpenoids
64Argatroban15.1273047349.21Dipeptides
659-Methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,6-dihydro-pyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-5-one1.3525517009.10Pyranoquinolines
66Phosphatidylcholine 167.8321548466.42Phosphatidylcholines
67Glutamine1.3395040752.10Alpha amino acids
68(E)-5-hydroxy-N-[3-[5-[3-[[(E)-5-hydroxy-3-methylpent-2-enoyl]amino]propyl]-3,6-dioxopiperazin-2-yl]propyl]-3-methylpent-2-enamide11.6517214764.10Alpha amino acids and derivatives
69LPC 16:014.895771942964.00Lipids
70Shanzhiside methyl ester14.0312826912.56Iridoid O-glycosides
719-Trans-Palmitelaidic acid18.8853758417.61Long-chain fatty acids
72Sebacic acid8.9627528959.26Medium-chain fatty acids
73Vindoline13.8930260721.01Plumeran-type alkaloids
749Z,12Z-Linoleic acid (NMR)19.25802313966.20Lineolic acids and derivatives
753-Indoxyl sulfate6.68105322077.40Arylsulfates
76a-Linolenic acid (NMR)18.1132580101.46Lineolic acids and derivatives
77Arachidonic acid18.92453253179.40Long-chain fatty acids
78Taurine8.308155742.452Organosulfonic acids
79LPC 18:214.185631163369.00Lipids
80Oleic acid20.54262181184.10Long-chain fatty acids
81Conessine12.9922721960.55Conanine-type alkaloids
82PROTOVERATRINE A1.37983321784.06Cerveratrum-type alkaloids
834-Nitrophenol20.1939710567.01Nitrophenols
84methyl orsellinate1.31333325321.51P Hydroxybenzoic acid alkyl esters
85Atalaphylline13.3875247479.44Acridones
86PFSA-pentafluorosulfide1.1773585352.33PFSA
87piperazine-2,5-dione1.84126712361.39Alpha amino acids and derivatives
88N-(4-((6aR,8aS)-4-hydroxy-6a,8a,9-trimethyl-3,4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-tetradecahydro-1H-naphtho[2’,1’:4,5]indeno[2,1-b]furan-10-yl)-2-methylbutyl)acetamide15.321131344867.00Furostanes and derivatives
896-(furan-3-yl)-6,8,12,16,21-pentahydroxy-7,15-dimethyl-9-oxo-3,17,19-trioxaheptacyclo[9.9.3.0,.0,.0,.0,.0,]tricosan-14-yl 2-methylbutanoate13.5075038900.18Limonoids
90Gedunol15.79632305832.30Limonoids
912,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol1.70115164993.80Phenylpropanes
921-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine16.570801376141.00Phosphatidylcholines
93Trifluoroacetic acid16.21035175237.70PFSA
94Germinaline1.37983326898.38Alkaloids
95Phytosphingosine (not validated, isomer of 1696)10.7998358379.87Lipids
96Choline15.321131686757.00Cholines
97Decanoic acid19.086711618.62Medium-chain fatty acids
987-ethenyl-1,4a,7-trimethyl-3,4,6,8,8a,9,10,10a-octahydro-2H-phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid17.87777111714.60Diterpenoids
99Uric acid1.82098369064.27Xanthines
100vanillic acid1.31333353861.45M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
101Tuberostemonine12.6925891277.17Stichoneurine-type alkaloids
102(1R,2R,5R,5’S,6S,8aS)-6-(acetyloxy)-2,5,8a-trimethyl-5’’-oxo-octahydro-2H-dispiro[naphthalene-1,2’:5’,3’-bis(oxolane)]-5-ylmethyl acetate15.32113668259.40Diterpene lactones
103(R)-4-aminoisoxazolidin-3-one1.93411730480.44Alpha amino acids and derivatives
104(1S,3R,6S,6aR,6bR,8S,9S,11R,11aR,12R,12aR,14R)-1-ethyl-6,8,11-trihydroxy-3-methyl-10-methylenetetradecahydro-3,6a,12-(epiethane[1,1,2]triyl)-9,11a-methanoazuleno[2,1-b]azocine 1-oxide12.69258247497.70Kaurane diterpenoids
105Secoisolariciresinol12.2640715677.30Dibenzylbutanediol lignans
106Cyclamate6.11091733820.46Cyclamates
107Docosahexanoic acid18.55157591446.80Very long-chain fatty acids
108anthothecol14.0312823028.57Limonoids
109(1R,4aR,5S)-5-(3-hydroxy-3-methylpent-4-enyl)-1,4a-dimethyl-6-methylidene-3,4,5,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid15.60355517448.60Diterpenoids
110(6aR,8aS)-11-(3-acetamido-2-methylpropyl)-6a,8a,9-trimethyl-10-oxo-1,3,4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,9,10,12,12a,12b-hexadecahydropentaleno[2,1-a]phenanthren-4-yl acetate14.8946853006.64Steroid esters
1114-((9S)-3,5,14-trihydroxy-10-((E)-((1-hydroxybutan-2-yl)imino)methyl)-13-methylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)furan-2(5H)-one13.8930242323.20Cardenolides and derivatives
112N-ACETYL-L-LEUCINE7.5150024397.29Leucine and derivatives
1132-Mercaptobenzothiazole17.5829235381.59Benzothiazoles
114Pristimerin17.1662348255.61Triterpenoids