Evaluation of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system in type 1 diabetes in real-world clinical practice: One-year observational study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients

Variable	Whole cohort (n = 71)
Female, n (%)	42 (59)
Age (yr)	45.5 ± 12.1
Weight (kg)	83.8 ± 18.7
BMI (kg/m²)	28.7 ± 5.6
Diabetes duration (yr)	30.0 ± 12.7
HbA1c (%)	7.6 ± 0.8

Data are mean ± SD or n (%).

Table 2 Changes to glycemic and quality of life parameters after 12 months of using Hybrid-Closed-loop system

	% change from baseline	P value1
Glycemic parameters (%)
HbA1c	-0.3	0.001
Time in range	+8.1	0.002
Participant reported outcomes
SF 36
Physical functioning	+22.9	< 0.001
Role functioning/physical	-6.3	0.2
Role functioning/emotional	-1.2	0.8
Energy/Fatigue	+1.4	0.6
Emotional well-being	-0.2	0.9
Social functioning	-1.0	0.6
Pain	-1.4	0.6
General health	-0.9	0.7
DDS	-5.6	0.1
Emotional Burden	-44.7	< 0.001
Physician-related Distress	-5.9	0.7
Regimen-related Distress	-5.0	0.2
Interpersonal Distress	-10.5	0.1
PSQI	-1.6	0.8
HFS-W	-24.9	< 0.001
Clarke Hypoglycemia Awareness Survey	+9.5	0.2
WHO-5 Well-Being Index	-5.6	0.2
PAID	-17.2	0.002

¹Paired t-test.

Data are mean percentage change from baseline.

SF36: Short Form-36; DDS: Diabetes Distress Scale; PSQI: Sleep Quality Assessment; HFS-W: Hypoglycemic Fear Survey, Worry subscale; PAID: Problem Areas in Diabetes.