COVID-19 infection and inactivated vaccination: Impacts on clinical and immunological profiles in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of newly-onset type 1 diabetes children with and without coronavirus disease 2019 infection history

Variables	Total (n = 197)	Infection group1 (n = 57)	Vaccination only group2 (n = 68)	Non-infection/non-vaccination group3 (n = 72)	P value
Female, n (%)	94 (47.7)	29 (50.9)	30 (44.1)	35 (48.6)	0.739
Age (year)	8.10 ± 3.47	8.75 ± 3.65	9.21 ± 2.75	6.53 ± 3.41	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	11.92 ± 1.83	11.83 ± 1.71	12.02 ± 1.85	11.90 ± 1.92	0.838
Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)	0.24 ± 0.22	0.26 ± 0.25	0.26 ± 0.18	0.22 ± 0.21	0.365
DKA, n (%)	116 (58.9)	40 (70.2)	31 (45.6)	45 (62.5)	0.015
Autoantibodies, n (%)
GADA	142 (72.1)	32 (56.1)	52 (76.5)	58 (80.6)	0.005
IAA	50 (25.4)	14 (24.6)	15 (22.1)	21 (29.2)	0.618
IA-2A	140 (71.1)	44 (77.2)	48 (70.6)	48 (66.7)	0.422
ICA	13 (6.6)	5 (8.8)	5 (7.4)	3 (4.2)	0.551
ZnT8A	8 (4.1)	2 (3.6)	1 (1.5)	5 (6.9)	0.256

¹Infection group: Children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection history.

²Vaccination only group: Children with COVID-19 vaccination history but without COVID-19 infection history.

³Non-infection/non-vaccination group: Children had neither COVID-19 vaccination history nor COVID-19 infection history.

Values are expressed as mean ± SD or frequencies (%). DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis; GADA: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; IAA: Autoantibodies against insulin; IA-2A: Protein tyrosine phosphatase antibody; ICA: Islet cell antibodies; ZnT8A: Zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies.