Association between sensitivity to thyroid hormones and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i10.2081

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 15, Issue 10

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (2396)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, HTML series, Figures (1-4) series, Tables (1-4) series.

Item

Count

PDF

HTML

1861

Figures (1-4)

130

Tables (1-4)

157

Sum=2197

Publishing Process of This Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

Download

112

Sum=137

Oct 15, 2024 (publication date) through Feb 27, 2025

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (0)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Diabetes

ISSN

1948-9358

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2024; 15(10): 2081-2092
Published online Oct 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i10.2081

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the population

Characteristics	All (n = 994)	Non-HDL-C levels (mmol/L)			P value
Characteristics	All (n = 994)	< 3.4 (n = 605)	3.4-4.9 (n = 316)	> 4.9 (n = 73)	P value
Age (years)	65.8 (35.0-89.0)	66.0 (36.0-89.0)	64.0 (35.0-86.0)	64.0 (36.0-83.6)	0.010
Sex (male/female)	447/547	278/327	140/176	29/44	0.576
Disease duration of T2DM (years)	13.0 (0.0-40.0)	13.0 (0.0-35.0)	13.0 (0.0-40.0)	11.0 (0.02-30.0)	0.336
BMI (kg/m²)	25.6 (14.38-47.97)	25.6 (14.38-45.45)	25.6 (16.0-47.9)	25.6 (19.5-41.1)	0.743
SBP (mmHg)	130 (90-210)	130 (90-190)	130 (90-210)	130 (110-180)	0.294
DBP (mmHg)	80 (50-120)	80 (50-120)	80 (50-110)	80 (60-100)	0.162
FPG (mmol/L)	8.22 (2.88-24.52)	7.79 (3.12-24.17)	8.84 (2.88-23.49)	9.97 (3.25-24.52)	< 0.001
Fasting C peptide (ng/mL)	2.30 (0.01-16.34)	2.21 (0.01-13.35)	2.37 (0.17-16.34)	2.78 (0.27-6.93)	0.008
HOMA-IR	4.47 (0.04-279.63)	4.22 (0.05-243.20)	4.74 (0.47-279.63)	5.43 (0.04-34.27)	0.047
HbA1c (%)	8.1 (4.9-15.1)	7.8 (4.9-14.8)	8.7 (5.4-15.1)	9.2 (6.0-14.7)	< 0.001
Creatinine (μmoI/L)	62 (28-266)	62 (30-241)	60 (28-230)	65 (30-266)	0.016
eGFR [mL/min (1.73 m²)^-1]	101.1 (19.1-323.7)	100.7 (21.1-291.4)	103.5 (19.1-323.7)	95.0 (22.4-284.9)	0.009
UA (mmol/L)	324 (7-811)	324 (7-811)	321 (98-797)	338 (209-612)	0.126
UACR (mg/g)	4.0 (0.0-2404.2)	4.1 (0.0-1637.8)	2.6 (0.0-1796.2)	12.8 (0.1-2402.2)	0.013
25(OH)D (ng/mL)	16.80 (3.00-57.55)	17.52 (3.00-57.55)	16.57 (3.00-50.21)	14.73 (3.31-35.78)	0.039
Fatty liver, n (%)	533 (54.1)	304 (50.6)	180 (57.7)	49 (67.1)	0.002
Hypertension, n (%)	561 (56.8)	344 (57.2)	172 (54.8)	45 (61.6)	0.530
Cardiovascular disease, n (%)	155 (27.5)	111 (33.5)	34 (82.9)	10 (24.4)	0.002
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)	238 (24.1)	142 (23.6)	68 (21.8)	28 (38.4)	0.011
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, n (%)	411 (41.7)	248 (41.2)	123 (49.5)	40 (54.8)	0.055
Diabetic peripheral vascular disease, n (%)	157 (38.8)	89 (38.5)	55 (38.5)	13 (41.9)	0.931
Serum lipid level (mmol/L)
TG	1.35 (0.24-21.80)	1.37 (0.24-8.59)	1.69 (0.39-9.99)	2.51 (0.63-21.80)	< 0.001
TC	4.25 (2.03-10.35)	3.74 (2.03-5.74)	5.07 (4.13-7.20)	6.53 (5.58-10.35)	< 0.001
LDL-C	2.51 (0.15-6.88)	2.08 (0.15-3.80)	3.28 (1.12-4.66)	4.32 (1.37-6.88)	< 0.001
HDL-C	1.10 (0.33-3.42)	1.10 (0.33-3.42)	1.10 (0.47-2.66)	1.09 (0.58-1.90)	0.896
non-HDL-C	3.10 (1.02-9.30)	2.56 (1.02-3.39)	3.95 (3.40-4.89)	5.3 (4.90-9.30)	< 0.001
RC	0.53 (-1.31-7.93)	0.45 (-1.31-2.40)	0.67 (-0.34-3.66)	1.13 (-0.33-7.93)	< 0.001
Thyroid function and indices of thyroid hormone sensitivity
FT3 (pg/mL)	2.93 (0.91-4.49)	2.93 (0.91-4.19)	2.97 (1.01-4.49)	2.80 (1.15-3.97)	0.006
FT4 (ng/dL)	1.19 (0.72-1.59)	1.18 (0.72-1.92)	1.18 (0.75-1.96)	1.21 (0.76-1.59)	0.905
TSH (uIU/mL)	1.74 (0.01-9.89)	1.65 (0.07-9.89)	1.86 (0.07-9.48)	2.03 (0.16-9.12)	0.017
FT3/FT4	2.47 ± 0.47	2.47 ± 0.47	2.48 ± 0.45	2.34 ± 0.52	0.040
TT4RI	2.10 (0.01-12.23)	1.99 (0.10-9.89)	2.27 (0.1-12.23)	2.56 (0.20-8.43)	0.008
TSHI	0.72 (-4.43-2.42)	0.66 (-2.48-2.42)	0.79 (-4.43-2.42)	0.91 (-1.66-2.63)	0.010
TFQI	0.00 ± 0.35	-0.02 ± 0.36	0.03 ± 0.34	0.08 ± 0.34	0.026

The data are expressed as the means ± SDs, medians (upper and lower quartiles) or n (%). BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UA: uric acid; UACR: urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; non-HDL-C: Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC: remnant cholesterol; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyrotropin; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSHI: Thyroid-stimulating hormone index; TT4RI: Thyrotrophic T4 resistance index; TFQI: Thyroid feedback quantile-based index.

Table 2 Correlations between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and thyroid parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Variables		All		Male		Female
Variables		r	P value	r	P value	r	P value
FT3 (pg/mL)	Model 1	-0.090^a	0.005	-0.153^a	0.001	-0.062	0.147
	Model 2	-0.128^a	< 0.001	-0.187^a	< 0.001	-0.095	0.027
	Model 3	-0.113^a	< 0.001	-0.168^a	< 0.001	-0.082	0.059
FT4 (ng/dL)	Model 1	-0.008	0.795	-0.115^b	0.015	0.014	0.737
	Model 2	-0.013	0.693	-0.118^b	0.013	0.012	0.78
	Model 3	-0.024	0.451	-0.14^a	0.003	0	0.991
TSH (uIU/mL)	Model 1	0.073^b	0.022	0.141^a	0.003	0.007	0.867
	Model 2	0.079^b	0.014	0.143^a	0.002	0.016	0.714
	Model 3	0.093^a	0.004	0.154^a	0.001	0.024	0.575
FT3/FT4	Model 1	-0.051	0.107	-0.019	0.694	-0.075	0.078
	Model 2	-0.076^b	0.017	-0.037	0.441	-0.101^b	0.019
	Model 3	-0.033	0.301	-0.003	0.942	-0.052	0.228
TT4RI	Model 1	0.076^b	0.018	0.121^b	0.01	0.037	0.394
	Model 2	0.079^b	0.013	0.121^b	0.011	0.044	0.308
	Model 3	0.088^a	0.006	0.129^a	0.007	0.046	0.286
TSHI	Model 1	0.085^a	0.008	0.129^a	0.006	0.052	0.224
	Model 2	0.087^a	0.006	0.129^a	0.007	0.058	0.175
	Model 3	0.103^a	0.001	0.14^a	0.003	0.069	0.111
TFQI	Model 1	0.078^b	0.014	0.029	0.539	0.121^a	0.004
	Model 2	0.074^b	0.02	0.024	0.612	0.121^a	0.005
	Model 3	0.065^b	0.044	0.014	0.777	0.109^b	0.011

^aP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.05.

Model 1 was an unadjusted analysis. Model 2 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and glycosylated hemoglobin. FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyrotropin; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSHI: Thyroid-stimulating hormone index; TT4RI: Thyrotrophic T4 resistance index; TFQI: Thyroid feedback quantile-based index.

Table 3 Relationships between lipid profiles and thyroid-associated variables

Variables		TG		TC		LDL-C		HDL-C		RC
Variables		r	P value	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value
FT3 (pg/mL)	Model 1	-0.092^a	0.004	-0.116^a	< 0.001	-0.086^a	0.007	-0.093^a	0.004	-0.037	0.246
	Model 2	-0.114^a	< 0.001	-0.149^a	< 0.001	-0.106^a	0.001	-0.083^a	0.009	-0.081^b	0.011
	Model 3	-0.099^a	0.002	-0.137^a	< 0.001	-0.094^a	0.003	-0.097^a	0.003	-0.068^b	0.035
FT4 (ng/dL)	Model 1	-0.007	0.838	0.001	0.971	0.008	0.8	0.03	0.352	-0.032	0.312
	Model 2	-0.01	0.764	-0.003	0.928	0.006	0.84	0.03	0.349	-0.039	0.224
	Model 3	-0.02	0.535	-0.012	0.717	-0.002	0.948	0.037	0.249	-0.048	0.139
TSH (uIU/mL)	Model 1	0.074^b	0.021	0.045	0.157	0.04	0.206	-0.080^b	0.013	0.083^a	0.01
	Model 2	0.077^b	0.016	0.05	0.12	0.043	0.177	-0.082^b	0.01	0.09^a	0.005
	Model 3	0.082^b	0.01	0.063	0.05	0.056	0.084	-0.08^b	0.012	0.095^a	0.003
FT3/FT4	Model 1	-0.082^b	0.01	-0.093^a	0.003	-0.065^b	0.041	-0.141^a	< 0.001	0.008	0.802
	Model 2	-0.095^a	0.003	-0.114^a	< 0.001	-0.078^b	0.015	-0.134^a	< 0.001	-0.021	0.519
	Model 3	-0.061	0.06	-0.082^b	0.011	-0.045	0.167	-0.163^a	< 0.001	0.01	0.749
TT4RI	Model 1	0.079^b	0.013	0.052	0.102	0.046	0.147	-0.066^b	0.039	0.078^b	0.014
	Model 2	0.081^b	0.011	0.055	0.087	0.048	0.133	-0.068^b	0.034	0.082^b	0.01
	Model 3	0.081^b	0.012	0.065^b	0.043	0.057	0.075	-0.061	0.057	0.083^b	0.01
TSHI	Model 1	0.099^a	0.002	0.061	0.056	0.048	0.135	-0.066^b	0.039	0.095^a	0.003
	Model 2	0.1^a	0.002	0.063^b	0.049	0.049	0.126	-0.067^b	0.036	0.098^a	0.002
	Model 3	0.103^a	0.001	0.079^b	0.014	0.064^b	0.047	-0.059	0.065	0.102^a	0.002
TFQI	Model1	0.087^a	0.006	0.074^b	0.02	0.059	0.066	-0.003	0.922	0.061	0.054
	Model2	0.085^a	0.008	0.071^b	0.026	0.056	0.078	< 0.001	0.989	0.057	0.076
	Model3	0.068^b	0.035	0.068^b	0.035	0.052	0.106	0.02	0.529	0.043	0.181

^aP < 0.01

^bP < 0.05.

Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Variables	All		Male		Female
Variables	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
FT3 (pg/mL)	0.91 (0.71-1.166)	0.456	0.698 (0.41-1.191)	0.187	1.002 (0.769-1.306)	0.987
FT4 (ng/dL)	0.919 (0.689-1.225)	0.564	0.194 (0.061-0.617)	0.005	1.012 (0.775-1.32)	0.932
TSH (uIU/mL)	1.091 (1.015-1.172)	0.018	1.136 (1.02-1.264)	0.02	1.037 (0.935-1.15)	0.49
FT3/FT4	1.01 (0.754-1.352)	0.949	1.369 (0.861-2.177)	0.184	0.846 (0.577-1.24)	0.392
TT4RI	1.075 (1.006-1.149)	0.032	1.086 (0.985-1.197)	0.097	1.055 (0.963-1.156)	0.252
TSHI	1.238 (1.034-1.482)	0.02	1.331 (1.003-1.766)	0.048	1.155 (0.918-1.452)	0.218
TFQI	1.584 (1.088-2.304)	0.016	0.961 (0.545-1.692)	0.89	2.337 (1.4-3.901)	0.001

Data were analyzed via logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and glycosylated hemoglobin. FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyrotropin; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSHI: Thyroid-stimulating hormone index; TT4RI: Thyrotrophic T4 resistance index; TFQI: Thyroid feedback quantile-based index.

Citation: Duan XY, Fu JL, Sun LN, Mu ZJ, Xiu SL. Association between sensitivity to thyroid hormones and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(10): 2081-2092
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i10/2081.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i10.2081