Characteristics of glucose change in diabetes mellitus generalized through continuous wavelet transform processing: A preliminary study

Table 1 Background characteristics of patients with diabetes (n = 30) and subjects without diabetes (n = 10)

Characteristic	T1DM group	T2DM group	P value	Subjects without diabetes
Days evaluated, n	60	296	-	23
Age, yr	50 (43-66)	61 (48-71)	0.419a	60 (47.5-72.3)
Sex as female/male, n	2/3	7/18	0.622b	4/6
BMI in kg/m2	28.3 (26.0-39.3)	26.0 (22.5-28.6)	0.229a	22.9 (21.7-27.2)
HbA1c, %	8.8 (8.6-9.3)	7.6 (6.9-9.0)	0.220a	5.4 (5.4-5.5)
Log MG	5.09 ± 0.32	5.11 ± 0.30	0.579c	4.61 ± 0.08
SD	56.26 ± 18.63	44.60 ± 20.29	< 0.001c	11.58 ± 2.37
%CV	34.85 ± 11.85	25.53 ± 7.43	< 0.001c	11.56 ± 2.66
Log MAGE	4.58 ± 0.40	4.41 ± 0.42	0.003c	3.17 ± 0.27
Medication, n
Metformin	0	5	0.556b	N/A
DPP-4 inhibitor	0	21	0.001b	N/A
α-GI	0	3	1.000b	N/A
Thiazoline	0	14	0.045b	N/A
SGLT2 inhibitor	0	4	1.000b	N/A
SU	0	0	1.000b	N/A
GLP-1 RA	0	5	0.556b	N/A
Insulin	5	16	0.286b	N/A
Total insulin dose in U	37 (34-38)	8 (0-20)	0.008a	N/A
Ultra-rapid in U	21 (18-26)	0 (0-11)	0.030a	N/A
Lasting in U	16 (11-20)	2 (0-14)	0.022a	N/A

^aMann-Whitney U test.

^bFisher’s exact test.

^cUnpaired t-test.

BMI: Body mass index; CV: Coefficient of variation; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GI: Glucosidase inhibitor; GLP-1 RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; MAGE: Mean amplitude of glucose excursion; MG: Mean glucose; N/A: Not applicable; SD: Standard deviation; SGLT2: Sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2; SU: Sulfonylurea; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Prevalence rate of emerging items on the contour map treated by a continuous wavelet transform between the type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus groups, n = 356

Time zone	Position	Frequency zone	Prevalence rate, %
			T1DM group	T2DM group	P value
Midnight
	P9	Super-high	20	7	0.003
	P1	High	85	88	0.527
	P4	Middle	20	34	0.047
	P12	Low	13	26	0.032
	P13	Low	15	32	0.008
Daytime
	P10	Super-high	27	11	0.003
	P2	High	88	93	0.299
	P5	Middle	32	39	0.311
	P6	Middle	40	43	0.670
	P7	Middle	42	48	0.478
	P14	Low	15	33	0.005
	P15	Low	15	35	0.001
Night
	P11	Super-high	13	10	0.491
	P3	High	83	94	0.014
	P8	Middle	42	50	0.321
	P17	Low	25	43	0.014
	P18	Low	22	41	0.005

T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Comparison of frequency on the contour map treated by a continuous wavelet transform between the type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus groups, n = 356

Time zone	Position	Frequency zone	T1DM group			T2DM group			P value
			Min	Median	Max	Min	Median	Max
Midnight
	P9	Super-high	106	108	108	106	107	108	0.433
	P1	High	61	75	85	61	73	80	0.006
	P4	Middle	39	45	53	38	45	56	0.265
	P12	Low	29	30.5	38	28	32	36	0.634
	P13	Low	29	30	36	27	31	35	0.965
Daytime
	P10	Super-high	106	108	108	106	107	108	0.100
	P2	High	66	75	84	59	74	81	0.088
	P5	Middle	37	45	50	37	44	51	0.418
	P6	Middle	33	45.5	58	37	44	51	0.005
	P7	Middle	35	45	54	33	44	57	0.225
	P14	Low	25	30	33	18	30	35	0.895
	P15	Low	25	30	32	17	30	37	0.885
	P16	Low	25	30.5	33	20	30	36	0.725
Night
	P11	Super-high	107	108	108	105	107	108	0.004
	P3	High	65	75	85	59	74	86	0.104
	P8	Middle	36	45	54	37	44	53	0.893
	P17	Low	25	28.5	33	17	29	36	0.395
	P18	Low	26	33	35	17	31	37	0.166

Max: Maximum; Min: Minimum; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 4 Comparison of area on the contour map treated by a continuous wavelet transform between the type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus groups, n = 356

Time zone	Position	Frequency zone	T1DM group			T2DM group			P value
			Min	Median	Max	Min	Median	Max
Midnight
	P9	Super-high	0.00	0.00	8.70	0.00	0.00	5.34	0.008
	P1	High	0.00	3.01	8.99	0.00	2.75	8.14	0.866
	P4	Middle	0.00	0.00	5.06	0.00	0.00	5.67	0.111
	P12	Low	0.00	0.00	0.60	0.00	0.00	4.01	0.043
	P13	Low	0.00	0.00	0.65	0.00	0.00	1.83	0.011
Daytime
	P10	Super-high	0.00	0.00	8.32	0.00	0.00	6.81	0.001
	P2	High	0.00	3.96	5.87	0.00	3.65	6.43	0.267
	P5	Middle	0.00	0.00	3.32	0.00	0.00	5.23	0.249
	P6	Middle	0.00	0.00	5.77	0.00	0.00	3.70	0.812
	P7	Middle	0.00	0.00	5.29	0.00	0.00	5.50	0.348
	P14	Low	0.00	0.00	0.95	0.00	0.00	3.91	0.005
	P15	Low	0.00	0.00	1.42	0.00	0.00	4.40	0.003
	P16	Low	0.00	0.00	1.63	0.00	0.00	2.22	0.020
Night
	P11	Super-high	0.00	0.00	1.07	0.00	0.00	6.48	0.257
	P3	High	0.00	3.39	8.38	0.00	3.75	9.18	0.258
	P8	Middle	0.00	0.00	5.09	0.00	0.00	6.70	0.163
	P17	Low	0.00	0.00	2.02	0.00	0.00	2.47	0.031
	P18	Low	0.00	0.00	7.09	0.00	0.00	7.08	0.059

Max: Maximum; Min: Minimum; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 5 Logistic regression analysis for the identification of characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus with selected factors, n = 356

Selected item	Odds ratio	95%CI		P value
		Lower	Upper
Frequency of P1 signal	1.33	1.08	1.62	0.006
Frequency of P6 signal	0.84	0.63	1.12	0.232
Area of P10 signal	1.24	0.72	2.14	0.432
Area of P17 signal	1.24	0.29	5.29	0.771

CI: Confidence interval.