Relationships between emissions of toxic airborne molecules and type 1 diabetes incidence in children: An ecologic study

Table 1 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of type 1 diabetes incidence in 19 European countries stratified according to tertiles of particulate matter < 10 μm, volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen oxides emissions

Tertiles of emission	PM10	VOCs	NO
Reference, low	1	1	1
II tertile, medium	1.08 (1.01-1.15)	1.19 (1.1-1.29)	1.12 (1.04-1.21)
III tertile, high	1.10 (1.04-1.18)	1.16 (1.05-1.28)	1.15 (1.05-1.24)

Observation period: Years 1990-2018. NO: Nitrogen oxides; PM10: Particulate matter < 10 μm; VOCs: Volatile organic compounds.

Table 2 Average incidence of type 1 diabetes (× 100000) in 19 European countries stratified according to tertiles of particulate < 10 μm, volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen oxides emissions

	PM10	VOCs	NO
Reference, low	14.6 ± 2.4	13.2 ± 1.7	13.4 ± 2.4
II tertile, medium	21.3 ± 2.2	28.4 ± 1.8a	23.6 ± 1.9a
III tertile, high	27.5 ± 2.4b	24.5 ± 4.4a	26.6 ± 3a

Observation period: Years 1990-2018. Data are means ± SE.

^aP < 0.05 vs countries in the low tertile of emissions.

^bP < 0.05 vs countries in the low and medium tertile of emissions (Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance by ranks followed by multiple-comparison Z-value test). NO: Nitrogen oxides; PM10: Particulate matter < 10 μm; VOCs: Volatile organic compounds.