Profilin-1 is involved in macroangiopathy induced by advanced glycation end products via vascular remodeling and inflammation

Table 1 Comparison of clinical data (mean ± SD)

	Control group (n = 27)	CAD group (n = 31)	CAD+DM group (n = 31)
Age (yr)	60 ± 8	61 ± 9	64 ± 8
Sex (n)
Male	14	15	17
Female	13	16	14
Weight (kg)	60.87 ± 7.67	67.15 ± 12.00a	65.55 ± 10.30a
SBP (mmHg)	123.54 ± 14.28	126.41 ± 16.56	127.35 ± 19.49
DBP (mmHg)	74.46 ± 6.66	75.71 ± 10.45	78.74 ± 9.57
FPG (mmol/L)	4.86 ± 0.56	5.47 ± 0.87	9.92 ± 3.26a,c
HbA1c (%)	4.90 ± 0.58	6.07 ± 0.93a	7.43 ± 1.70a,c
GSP (mmol/L)	1.81 ± 0.19	2.27 ± 0.39	2.78 ± 1.19a,c
TG (mmol/L)	1.21 ± 0.35	1.79 ± 1.25a	2.44 ± 2.15a,c
TC (mmol/L)	2.10 ± 1.61	4.40 ± 1.08a	4.51 ± 1.26a
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.32 ± 0.53	2.63 ± 0.67	2.59 ± 1.22
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.35 ± 0.31	2.48 ± 1.43	1.50 ± 1.14
hs-CRP (mg/L)	1.34 ± 0.61	3.84 ± 3.15a	4.65 ± 2.70a
BUN (mmol/L)	5.29 ± 0.73	5.53 ± 1.44a	5.85 ± 1.65a
SCr (μmol/L)	79.3 ± 15.2	82.3 ± 23.3	93.2 ± 21.4a,c
SUA (mmol/L)	309.2 ± 92.3	316.3 ± 81.7	327.6 ± 69.8

^aP < 0.05 compared with the control group.

^cP < 0.05 compared with the coronary artery disease group.

CAD: Coronary artery disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; GSP: Glycosylated serum protein; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP: High sensitivity C-reactive protein; BUN: Serum urea nitrogen; Scr: Serum creatinine; SUA: Serum uric acid.

Table 2 Media thickness, lumen diameter, media thickness/lumen diameter, medial area, lumen area, medial area/lumen area, and smooth muscle layers of the thoracic aorta

	Control (n = 6)	AGEs-20 (n = 6)	AGEs-40 (n = 6)	AGEs-60 (n = 6)
MT (mm)	45.83 ± 3.54	57.17 ± 3.25a	74.83 ± 4.62a	79.33 ± 3.08a
LD (mm)	737.5 ± 9.89	769.83 ± 15.73a	862.33 ± 21.99a	857.67 ± 15.06a
MT/LD (%)	6.21 ± 0.41	7.42 ± 0.35a	8.67 ± 0.37a	9.25 ± 0.34a
MA (mm2)	0.53 ± 0.01	0.54 ± 0.01a	0.55 ± 0.01a	0.56 ± 0.01a
LA (mm2)	1.97 ± 0.04	1.85 ± 0.04a	1.67 ± 0.04a	1.64 ± 0.04a
MA/LA (%)	26.97 ± 0.38	29.16 ± 0.73a	32.99 ± 0.79a	34.13 ± 0.62a
SML (layer)	6.17 ± 0.75	7.17 ± 0.73	7.67 ± 0.82b	8.17 ± 0.75b

^aP < 0.05 compared with the control group.

^bP < 0.01 compared with the control group.

AGEs: Advanced glycation end products; MT: Media thickness; LD: Lumen diameter; MA: Media area; LA: Lumen area; SML: Smooth muscle layers.

Table 3 Quantitative analysis of profilin-1 protein levels in the thoracic aorta

Index	Control (n = 6)	20 d (n = 6)	40 d (n = 6)	60 d (n = 6)
AOD	0.069 ± 0.002	0.074 ± 0.002b	0.079 ± 0.001b	0.087 ± 0.005b
EPA (mm2)	202.05 ± 10.33	267.27 ± 24.98b	442.28 ± 31.90b	599.88 ± 38025b
IOD (mm2)	14.00 ± 0.68	19.71 ± 1.85b	34.96 ± 2.43b	52.19 ± 5.43b

^bP < 0.01 compared with the control group.

The level of the profilin-1 protein was determined using Image-Pro plus immunohistochemical image analysis software. AOD: Average optical density; EPA: Expression-positive area; IOD: Integrated optical density.