Development of therapeutic options on type 2 diabetes in years: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist’s role intreatment; from the past to future

Table 1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist

Drug	Administration	Phase 3 clinical trial
Exenatide	Twice daily (5 µg or 10 µg)	Amigo
Liraglutide	Daily (0.6 mg or 0.8 mg or 1.2 mg)	Leader
Exenatide ER	Weekly (2 mg)	Duration
Lixisenatide	Daily (10 µg or 20 µg)	Getgoal
Dulaglutide	Weekly (0.75 mg or 1.5 mg)	Award
Semaglutide	Weekly (0.5 mg or 1.5 mg)	Sustain
Albiglutide	Weekly (30 mg or 50 mg)	Harmony

Table 2 Cardiovascular effect of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists

Anti-atherosclerotic effect	Decrease matrix metalloproteinase 2; decrease vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
Improves endothelial function	Increase nitric oxide-induced vasodilation; decrease oxidative stress
Anti-inflammatory effect	Suppress human macrophagesby inhibition of protein kinase C
Decrease infarct/injury size	Decrease glucose-induced apoptosis; decrease intracellular calcium overload
Modifies risk factors	Improve glycemic control; decrease body weight; decrease blood pressure; decrease low-density lipoprotein