Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2019; 10(7): 403-413
Published online Jul 15, 2019. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i7.403
Table 1 Sociodemographic profiles of the study participants in primary health care clinic in Putrajaya (n = 322), n (%)
VariablesFrequencyMedian (IQR)
Age (yr)55 (18)
Gender
Male189 (58.7)
Female133 (41.3)
Ethnicity
Malay297 (92.2)
Chinese6 (1.9)
Indian14 (4.3)
Others5 (1.6)
Education level
No formal education12 (3.7)
Primary school24 (7.5)
Secondary school132 (41.0)
Diploma/University154 (47.8)
Marital status
Single25 (7.8)
Married297 (92.2)
Smoking status
Yes46 (14.3)
Never214 (66.5)
Ex-Smoker62 (19.2)
Table 2 Clinical profiles of the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with total diabetes empowerment scores, n (%)
VariablesFrequencyMedian (IQR)
Diabetes duration (yr)4.00 (7.0)
Compliance to diabetes treatment
Yes310 (96.3)
No12 (3.7)
Diabetes education exposure
Yes264 (82.0)
No58 (18.0)
BMI (kg/m2)28.70 (7.12)
Underweight (< 18.5)3 (1.0)
Normal (18.5-22.9)29 (9.0)
Overweight (23-27.4)88 (27.3)
Obese (> 27.5)202 (62.7)
Hypertension status
Yes207 (64.3)
No115 (35.7)
Dyslipidaemia status
Yes246 (76.4)
No76 (23.6)
Ischemic heart disease status
Yes42 (13.0)
No280 (87.0)
Asthma status
Yes30 (9.3)
No292 (90.7)
Table 3 The correlation between clinical outcome with total diabetes empowerment scores and subscales and among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
VariablesTotal diabetes empowerment score
Managing the psychosocial aspect of diabetes
Assessing dissatisfaction and readiness to change
Setting and achieving diabetes goal
Coefficient correlationP valueCoefficient correlationP valueCoefficient correlationP valueCoefficient correlationP value
Systolic blood pressure1 (mmHg)0.0460.4110.0730.1920.0140.7980.0130.821
Diastolic blood pressure1 (mmHg)-0.0090.867-0.0110.849-0.0550.3230.0240.674
HbA1c1 (%)-0.1320.018-0.1220.028-0.110.049-1.1680.003
HDL level1 (mmol/L)0.0220.6930.0190.7340.0130.8160.1040.063
LDL level1 (mmol/L)-0.0870.12-0.0640.252-0.0440.435-0.0620.269
TG level1 (mmol/L)-0.0340.5380.0430.438-0.0150.788-0.0670.231
Table 4 The correlation between sociodemographic factors with total diabetes empowerment scores and subscales among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
VariablesTotal diabetes empowerment score
Managing the psychosocial aspect of diabetes
Assessing dissatisfaction and readiness to change
Setting and achieving diabetes goal
Coefficient correlationMedian rankP valueCoefficient correlationMedian rankP valueCoefficient correlationMedian rankP valueCoefficient correlationMedian rankP value
Age10.050.370.0950.0870.0890.111-0.060.919
Gender20.6290.6920.1730.528
Male159.4163.18155.6158.79
Female164.49159.11169.89165.35
Ethnicity20.560.20.7570.332
Malay162.38163.38161.04162.94
Non-Malay151.06139.14167144.42
Education level2< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001
Below Secondary109.36106.86110.49105.69
Above Secondary168.06168.38167.92168.52
Marital Status20.4780.1190.3460.564
Single148.82134.28144.74151.34
Married162.57163.79162.91162.36
Smoking status20.180.7040.0080.105
Non-smoker166.42162.87171.18167.38
Smoker151.75158.79142.32149.85
Table 5 The correlation between clinical profiles with total diabetes empowerment scores and subscales among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
VariablesTotal diabetes empowerment score
Managing the psychosocial aspect of diabetes
Assessing dissatisfaction and readiness to change
Setting and achieving diabetes goal
Coefficient correlationMedian rankP valueCoefficient correlationMedian rankP valueCoefficient correlationMedian rankP valueCoefficient correlationMedian rankP value
Diabetes Duration1 (yr)-0.0160.774-0.10.8570.0110.847-0.0550.324
Diabetes education exposure20.0040.010.0010.05
Yes168.43167.59169.72168.18
No129.97133.8126.38131.1
Compliance to treatment20.3260.5380.2840.241
Yes162.5162.11162.59162.68
No135.63145.67133.38131.04
BMI3 (kg/m2)0.5680.960.6050.938
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Obese
Hypertension status20.110.4780.7070.052
Yes155.53158.82160.06154.11
No172.6166.32165.1174.81
Dyslipidemia status20.7890.3710.6790.341
Yes162.27164.02162.69158.8
No159.01153.35157.66170.24
Ischemic heart disease status20.0040.0110.1040.001
Yes122.83128.32139.83118.65
No167.3166.48164.75167.93
Asthma status20.690.2650.8290.4
Yes167.95179.08158.02174.92
No160.84159.69161.86160.12
Table 6 Predictor of total empowerment scores among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients using multiple linear regressions
VariablesUnstandardized coefficients
tSig.95%CI for B
BetaLower boundUpper bound
Those without ischemic heart disease5.6212.4090.0171.0310.212
Those with secondary education level and above16.0236.263< 0.00110.9921.057
HbA1c level-1.403-3.668< 0.001-2.155-0.65
Those received DM education exposure6.3013.0260.0032.20410.399
Smoker status-1.157-0.6850.494-4.4812.168
Hypertension status1.8661.0980.273-1.4445.092