Peripheral arterial disease is associated with retinal fluid and microvascular alterations in type 2 diabetes

Figure 1 Association between peripheral arterial disease and retinal microvascular complications. Forest plot showing adjusted hazard ratios for intra-retinal fluid and diabetic macular edema development. Bayesian Cox estimates are shown with 95% credible intervals, whereas inverse probability of treatment weighting estimates are shown with 95% confidence intervals. Three methods: Bayesian Cox with skeptical prior N(0,1) (primary), Bayesian Cox with Zhang-based prior (sensitivity), and inverse probability of treatment weighting (triangulation). Dashed line = hazard ratio 1; dotted line = hazard ratio 2. PAD: Peripheral arterial disease; IRF: Intra-retinal fluid; DME: Diabetic macular edema; IPTW: Inverse probability of treatment weighting; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier survival curves by peripheral arterial disease status. A: Intra-retinal fluid event-free survival; B: Intra-retinal fluid cumulative hazard; C: Diabetic macular edema event-free survival; D: Diabetic macular edema cumulative hazard. Black = peripheral arterial disease- (n = 187); blue = peripheral arterial disease + (n = 25). IRF: Intra-retinal fluid; DME: Diabetic macular edema; HR: Hazard ratio; PAD: Peripheral arterial disease.