Pancreatic injury and glucose metabolism dysfunction: The central role of inflammatory signaling and islet β-cell apoptosis

Figure 1 Clinical association and risk factors between pancreatic injury and glucose metabolism dysfunction. Clinical association and key risk factors between pancreatic injury, represented by acute pancreatitis, and glucose metabolism dysfunction. Acute pancreatitis exacerbates glucose metabolism disorders through factors such as body mass index, disease severity, recurrence frequency, and lung injury, with short-term manifestations of abnormal glucose metabolism and long-term progression to post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus (classified as type 3c diabetes mellitus) (created in BioRender). All data derived from clinical cohort studies or meta-analyses, key data sources including Chen et al[7], Lee et al[11], and Shen et al[12]. AGM: Abnormal glucose metabolism; AP: Acute pancreatitis; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; GI: Glycemic index; HR: Hazard ratio; OR: Odds ratio; PPDM: Post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus.