Artificial intelligence-based chest computed tomography assessment of bone, vascular, and epicardial adipose changes in type 2 diabetes

Figure 1 Flowchart showing the study design. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; CT: Computed tomography.

Figure 2 Distribution of coronary artery calcification severity across type 2 diabetes mellitus duration groups. CAC: Coronary artery calcification; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Figure 3 Comparison of bone mineral density, severe coronary artery calcification, and epicardial adipose tissue density among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different durations. A: Severe coronary artery calcification; B: Bone mineral density; C: Epicardial adipose tissue. Data are presented as the median (interquartile range). Comparisons among the three groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance, with P values indicated at the top of each panel. SCAC: Severe coronary artery calcification; BMD: Bone mineral density; EAT: Epicardial adipose tissue; HU: Hounsfield unit.

Figure 4 Restricted cubic spline analyses of the associations between computed tomography-derived imaging biomarkers. The β coefficients and odds ratios are represented by solid lines, and the 95%CIs are indicated by shaded areas. Knots were positioned at the 5%, 35%, 65%, and 95% of each distribution. A: Bone mineral density (BMD) and severe coronary artery calcification (SCAC); B: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume and SCAC; C: EAT density and SCAC; D: BMD and EAT volume; E: BMD and EAT density. SCAC: Severe coronary artery calcification; BMD: Bone mineral density; EAT: Epicardial adipose tissue; OR: Odds ratio.

Figure 5 Forest plot. A: Forest plot of subgroup analyses for the association of bone mineral density with epicardial adipose tissue density. Data are presented as β coefficients with 95%CI derived from linear regression models; B: Forest plot of subgroup analyses for the association of bone mineral density with severe coronary artery calcification. Data are presented as odds ratio with 95%CI derived from logistic regression models. P values indicate the statistical significance of the associations within each subgroup, while P for interaction assesses whether subgroup variables modify the association. GC: Glycemic control; OR: Odds ratio; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.