Gut-brain axis under attack: Links between diabetes, environmental toxicants, and neurodegeneration

doi:10.4239/wjd.118334

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2026; 17(7): 118334
Published online Jul 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.118334

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Figure 1 Schematic illustration of how hyperglycemia and heavy metals co-induce dysbiosis (e. g., Sutterella), gut barrier breakdown, microglial activation, and neuronal injuries. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; HIGH: Elevated blood glucose concentration.

Citation: Gouda MM. Gut-brain axis under attack: Links between diabetes, environmental toxicants, and neurodegeneration. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(7): 118334
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i7/118334.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.118334

Gouda MM. Gut-brain axis under attack: Links between diabetes, environmental toxicants, and neurodegeneration. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(7): 118334 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.118334]

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