Targeting Ras homolog enriched in brain 1 to restore β-cell mass and function: A potential therapeutic strategy for diabetes

Figure 1 Schematic of Ras homolog enriched in brain 1 activating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1/AMP-activated protein kinase to regulate hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha-dependent β cell proliferation, insulin transcription, identity, and metabolic homeostasis, driving functional β cell expansion. Rheb1: Ras homolog enriched in brain 1; mTORC1: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; HNF4α: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha.

Figure 2 A schematic diagram showing Ras homolog enriched in brain 1-high-expression-mediated β-cell proliferation/function enhancement via dual pathway activation and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha upregulation, with translational research pipeline. Rheb1: Ras homolog enriched in brain 1; mTORC1: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; HNF4α: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha.