Endoscopic tattooing of colorectal lesions: Is it a risk-free procedure?

Table 1 Summary of the accuracy, false positive and spillage rates of endoscopic tattooing for localization before surgery from previously published reports

Authors	n	Substances	Techniques	Mean interval	Accuracy (%)	False positive (%)	Invisible (%)	Spillage (%)
Cho et al[9]	96	India ink	NA	6 d	97.9	0	2.1	6.3
Fu et al[15]	36	India ink	0.2 mL injected directly	30.8 d	86	0	14	8.3
	55	India ink	0.2 mL injected after 3 mL injection of saline solution	17.6 d	98	0	2	1.8
Arteaga-González et al[16]	21	India ink	Total 0.2-0.5 mL of 90% India ink injected after 3 mL injection of saline solution	NA	100	0	0	14.3
Park et al[17]	63	Spot	1-1.5 mL injected after 1 mL injection of saline solution	1 d (all)	96.8	1.6	1.6	9.5
Feingold et al[18]	50	Spot	1-4 mL tangentially injected into multiple sites distal to the lesions	1 d (60%)	88	0	12	NA
Conaghan et al[19]	54	Spot	NA	NA	70	7	15	NA
Hwang et al[20]	20	Spot	0.5 mL injected after 0.5 mL injection of saline solution, 3 sites at 1 cm distal to the lesions	3 d	90	0	10	5
Miyoshi et al[21]	41	Indocyanine green	1 mL injected after 2 mL injection of saline solution	4 d	92.7 (100, ≤ 8 d)	0	7.3 (> 9 d)	2.4

NA: Not available.

Table 2 Summary of complications of endoscopic tattooing for colorectal lesion localization from previously published reports

Authors	Location	Interval time	Material	Amount	Instrument	Complications
Yano et al[41]	NA	NA	India ink	0.7 mL undiluted	NA	Post-op adhesion
Bahadursingh et al[43]	Sigmoid	NA	India ink	NA	NA	Transmural injection to small bowel
Singh et al[35]	Rectosigmoid	NA	India ink	NA	NA	Transmural injection, focal peritonitis
Park et al[36]	Descending	18 h	India ink	0.5 mL diluted 1:10	Sclerotherapy needle	Colonic abscess with focal peritonitis
Gopal et al[40]	70, 85 cm from Anal verge	No surgery	India ink	4 mL undiluted	NA	Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease
Tutticci et al[42]	Rectum	75 d	Spot	2 mL (0.5 mL each)	25G endoscopic needle	Pigmentation peritoneal adenocarcinoma (tumor inoculation)
Marques et al[37]	Sigmoid	3 d	Spot	4 mL (0.5 mL each)	NA	Infected intramural hematoma
Alba et al[38]	Sigmoid	10 d	India ink	1 mL diluted 1:10	Sclerotherapy needle	Rectus muscle hematoma and abscess
Coman et al[39]	Sigmoid	5 d	India ink	2 mL (0.5 mL each) diluted 1:1	NA	Inflammatory pseudotumor
	Sigmoid	14 d	India ink	2 mL (0.5 mL each) diluted 1:1	NA	Inflammatory pseudotumor
Cappell et al[44]	Cecum	7 d	India ink	4 mL total	Sclerotherapy needle	Transmural injection
						Spillage of dye into peritoneal cavity
	Cecum	13 d	India ink	4 mL total	Sclerotherapy needle	Transmural injection
						Spillage of dye into peritoneal cavity

NA: Not available.