Postoperative perforation risk after endoscopic removal of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Development and validation of a predictive nomogram

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Characteristics	Perforation group (n = 19)	Non-perforation group (n = 282)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)	59.89 ± 9.50	59.96 ± 11.07	0.024	0.981
Gender			0.806	0.369
Male	5	103
Female	14	179
History of hypertension			0.228	0.633
Yes	5	89
No	14	193
History of diabetes			/	0.141
Yes	4	29
No	15	253
History of stroke			/	0.169
Yes	3	20
No	16	262
Height (m)	1.62 ± 0.04	1.63 ± 0.08	0.017	0.987
Weight (kg)	62.61 ± 7.27	61.49 ± 10.50	0.453	0.651
BMI (kg/m2)	23.57 ± 2.12	23.126 ± 3.21	0.584	0.553
HGB (g/L)	117.47 ± 15.17	125.27 ± 16.40	2.008	0.046
WBC (× 109)	5.43 ± 1.34	5.04 ± 1.56	1.066	0.287
ALB (g/L)	39.07 ± 4.69	39.80 ± 3.26	0.915	0.361
Glu (mmol/L)	5.16 ± 0.51	5.30 ± 1.20	0.503	0.616
Tumor location			4.830	0.028
Cardia/fundus	13	120
Antrum/body	6	162
Tumor size (cm)	3.53 ± 1.15	1.56 ± 0.85	10.73	0.001
Growth pattern			5.879	0.015
Exophytic type	13	113
Non-exophytic type	6	169
Operative approach			1.458	0.483
ESD	5	47
ESE	4	85
EFTR	10	150
Operation duration (minutes)	135.12 ± 79.80	73.55 ± 51.19	4.752	0.001
Risk assessment			80.35	0.001
Very low risk	1	210
Low risk	10	63
Intermediate risk	1	3
High risk	7	6

BMI: Body mass index; HGB: Hemoglobin; WBC: White blood cell; ALB: Albumin; Glu: Glucose; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; ESE: Endoscopic submucosal excavation; EFTR: Endoscopic full-thickness resection.

Table 2 Logistic regression analysis

Characteristics	Univariate logistic regression analysis			Multivariate logistic regression analysis
	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
HGB (g/L)	0.974	0.948-0.999	0.046	1.025	0.993-1.058	0.129
Tumor location
Antrum/body	1
Cardia/fundus	2.925	1.081-7.917	0.035	3.492	1.121-10.875	0.031
Tumor size (cm)	3.366	2.173-5.211	0.001	4.699	2.382-9.267	0.001
Growth pattern				/
Exophytic type	1
Non-exophytic type	0.390	0.149-1.021	0.055
Operation duration (minutes)	1.012	1.006-1.018	0.001	0.999	0.989-1.008	0.804

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; HGB: Hemoglobin.