Effect of music on colonoscopy performance: A propensity score-matched analysis

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients who did and did not listen to music before and after propensity score matching

	Before propensity score matching					After propensity score matching
	Total (n = 402)	Music (n = 200)	No music (n = 202)	P value	d	Total (n = 338)	Music (n = 169)	No music (n = 169)	P value	d
Age, yr	63.0 (54.0-70.0)	63.0 (54.5-69.0)	64.0 (54.0-70.0)	0.642	0.08	64.0 (55.0-70.0)	63.0 (53.0-69.0)	64.0 (56.0-70.0)	0.353	0.13
Female sex	190 (47.3%)	96 (48.0%)	94 (46.5%)	0.846	0.03	157 (46.4%)	83 (49.1%)	74 (43.8%)	0.383	0.11
BMI, kg/m2	23.7 (21.9-26.0)	23.7 (21.9-26.2)	23.7 (21.8-25.9)	0.992	0.00	23.7 (22.0-25.9)	24.0 (22.1-26.2)	23.6 (21.8-25.8)	0.383	0.09
ASA score				0.746	0.01				0.546	0.12
1	171 (42.5%)	86 (43.0%)	85 (42.1%)			152 (45.0%)	79 (46.7%)	73 (43.2%)
2	204 (50.7%)	100 (50.0%)	104 (51.5%)			167 (49.4%)	83 (49.1%)	84 (49.7%)
3	26 (6.5%)	14 (7.0%)	12 (5.9%)			18 (5.3%)	7 (4.1%)	11 (6.5%)
4	1 (0.2%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)			1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.6%)
BBPS				0.768	0.04				0.684	0.06
3-5	87 (21.6%)	45 (22.5%)	42 (20.8%)			68 (20.1%)	32 (18.9%)	36 (21.3%)
6-9	315 (78.4%)	155 (77.5%)	160 (79.2%)			270 (79.9%)	137 (81.1%)	133 (78.7%)
Surgical history				0.041	0.07				0.060	0.02
None	259 (64.4%)	121 (60.5%)	138 (68.3%)			206 (60.9%)	98 (58.0%)	108 (63.9%)
Colon	99 (24.6%)	60 (30.0%)	39 (19.3%)			94 (27.8%)	56 (33.1%)	38 (22.5%)
Other abdominal organ	44 (10.9%)	19 (9.5%)	25 (12.4%)			38 (11.2%)	15 (8.9%)	23 (13.6%)
Indication for colonoscopy				0.002	0.32				1.000	0.00
Screening	207 (51.5%)	89 (44.5%)	118 (58.4%)			174 (51.5%)	87 (51.5%)	87 (51.5%)
Post operation surveillance	128 (31.8%)	66 (33.0%)	62 (30.7%)			120 (35.5%)	60 (35.5%)	60 (35.5%)
Patients with symptoms	67 (16.7%)	45 (22.5%)	22 (10.9%)			44 (13.0%)	22 (13.0%)	22 (13.0%)

Data are expressed as n (%), median (interquartile range). P values were calculated using Kruskal-Wallis test and χ² test. d: Standardized mean differences of propensity-matched population; BMI: Body mass index; ASA score: American Society of Anesthesiologists score; BBPS: Boston Bowel Preparation Scale.

Table 2 Outcomes of colonoscopy performance with and without music

	Total (n = 338)	Music (n = 169)	No music (n = 169)	P value
Polyp detection rate	209 (61.8%)	96 (56.8%)	113 (66.9%)	0.073
Adenoma detection rate	144 (42.6%)	66 (39.1%)	78 (46.2%)	0.226
Insertion time (min)	5.09 (3.32-7.33)	4.97 (3.28-7.03)	5.17 (3.43-7.78)	0.795
Withdrawal time (min)	11.1 (8.48-17.25)	10.57 (8.40-16.35)	11.87 (8.63-17.5)	0.142

Data are expressed as n (%), median (interquartile range), P values were calculated using Kruskal-Wallis test and χ² test.

Table 3 Outcomes of colonoscopy performance according to expert and trainee subgroups

	Polyp detection rate	Adenoma detection rate	Insertion time (min)	Withdrawal time (min)
Expert
Total (n = 173)	115 (66.5%)	83 (48.0%)	3.75 (2.57-5.68)	10.68 (8.22-15.22)
Music (n = 88)	58 (65.9%)	45 (51.1%)	3.57 (2.59-5.80)	10.30 (7.95-15.27)
No music (n = 85)	57 (67.1%)	38 (44.7%)	3.83 (2.42-5.65)	10.90 (8.48-14.10)
P value	> 0.999	0.488	0.852	0.560
Trainee
Total (n = 165)	94 (57.0%)	61 (37.0%)	6.30 (4.58-8.82)	12.07 (8.92-19.0)
Music (n = 81)	38 (46.9%)	21 (25.9%)	6.30 (4.50-8.70)	10.82 (8.78-17.43)
No music (n = 84)	56 (66.7%)	40 (47.6%)	6.27 (4.78-9.11)	13.68 (9.31-20.33)
P value	0.016	0.006	0.831	0.123

Data are expressed as n (%), median (interquartile range), P-values were calculated using Kruskal-Wallis test and χ² test.

Table 4 Prognostic factors for colonoscopy performance (n = 402)

	No.	Univariable analysis1		Multivariable analysis1		Univariable analysis2		Multivariable analysis2
		OR (95%CI)	P value	aOR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	aOR (95%CI)	P value
Music
No	202	Reference				Reference
Yes	200	0.86 (0.58-1.28)	0.470			1.24 (0.84-1.84)	0.273
Endoscopist
Trainee	207	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Expert	195	1.42 (0.95-2.11)	0.085	1.35 (0.89-2.06)	0.163	4.69 (3.10-7.19)	< 0.001	4.48 (2.87-7.11)	< 0.001
Age, yr		1.04 (1.02-1.06)	< 0.001	1.05 (1.03-1.07)	< 0.001	0.99 (0.98-1.01)	0.298
Sex
Male	212	Reference		Reference		Reference
Female	190	0.55 (0.37-0.82)	0.004	0.51 (0.34-0.78)	0.002	0.98 (0.66-1.45)	0.916
BMI, kg/m2		1.04 (0.98-1.10)	0.193	1.05 (0.99-1.12)	0.123	1.07 (1.01-1.14)	0.023	1.09 (1.02-1.16)	0.010
BBPS
Fair	87	Reference				Reference		Reference
Adequate	315	0.78 (0.48-1.26)	0.303			2.09 (1.29-3.45)	0.003	1.17 (0.67-2.04)	0.583
Surgical history
None	259	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Colon	99	0.62 (0.38-0.99)	0.048	0.49 (0.29-0.81)	0.006	1.50 (0.94-2.42)	0.090	1.71 (1.02-2.88)	0.042
Other	44	0.74 (0.38-1.41)	0.369	0.76 (0.37-1.50)	0.427	0.25 (0.11-0.52)	< 0.001	0.35 (0.15-0.77)	0.012
Indication
Screening	207	Reference				Reference
Post operation surveillance	128	0.76 (0.48-1.19)	0.232			1.09 (0.70-1.69)	0.708
Patient with symptoms	67	0.88 (0.50-1.53)	0.653			0.76 (0.43-1.31)	0.323

¹Adenoma detection.

²Fast insertion (< median insertion time of 310 s).

P value for independent variables from logistic regression analysis; No.: Number of patients; OR: Odds ratio; aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; BBPS: Boston Bowel Preparation Scale.