Effectiveness of early colonoscopy in patients with colonic diverticular hemorrhage: A single-center retrospective cohort study

Table 1 Patient background before and after propensity score matching

	Before propensity score matching			After propensity score matching
	Early group (< 24 h)	Elective group (≥ 24 h)	SMD	Early group (< 24 h)	Elective group (≥ 24 h)	SMD
Variables	n = 328	n = 226		n = 191	n = 191
Age, yr, median (IQR)	79.0 (71.0–84.0)	79.0 (72.3–84.0)	0.047	78.0 (70.0–84.0)	79.0 (71.5–84.0)	0.057
Male, n (%)	220 (67.1)	135 (59.7)	0.153	132 (69.1)	126 (66.0)	0.067
Body mass index, n (%)			0.087			0.094
< 18.5	46 (14.0)	18 (8.0)		15 (7.9)	18 (9.4)
18.5-24.9	210 (64.0)	153 (67.7)		124 (64.9)	128 (67.0)
25-29.9	76 (23.2)	76 (23.2)		45 (23.6)	39 (20.4)
≥ 30	12 (3.7)	9 (4.0)		3 (1.6)	4 (2.1)
Smoking			0.162			0.075
Current, n (%)	45 (13.7)	25 (11.1)		23 (12.0)	24 (12.6)
Past, n (%)	104 (31.7)	64 (28.3)		64 (33.5)	58 (30.4)
Never, n (%)	169 (51.5)	133 (58.8)		101 (52.9)	105 (55.0)
No information, n (%)	10 (3.0)	4 (1.8)		3 (1.6)	4 (2.1)
Performance status ≥ 3, n (%)	34 (10.4)	20 (8.8)	0.051	15 (7.9)	20 (10.5)	0.091
Comorbidities
Hypertension, n (%)	210 (64.0)	152 (67.3)	0.051	124 (64.9)	122 (63.9)	0.022
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	67 (20.4)	51 (22.6)	0.052	41 (21.5)	37 (19.4)	0.052
Coronary artery disease, n (%)	92 (28.0)	67 (29.6)	0.035	63 (33.0)	57 (29.8)	0.068
Chronic kidney disease, n (%)	33 (10.1)	28 (12.4)	0.074	22 (11.5)	25 (13.1)	0.048
Hemodialysis, n (%)	2 (0.6)	5 (2.2)	0.136	2 (1.0)	4 (2.1)	0.084
Medication
Antithrombotics, n (%)	123 (37.5)	80 (35.4)	0.044	79 (41.4)	68 (35.6)	0.119
NSAIDs, n (%)	14 (4.3)	14 (6.2)	0.087	8 (4.2)	9 (4.7)	0.025
Shock vitality at presentation, n (%)	28 (8.5)	12 (5.3)	0.127	9 (4.7)	12 (6.3)	0.069
Contrast CT findings			0.811			0.027
With an extravascular leak, n (%)	129 (39.3)	17 (7.5)		17 (8.9)	17 (8.9)
Without an extravascular leak, n (%)	159 (48.5)	170 (75.2)		138 (72.3)	140 (73.3)
Without contrast CT, n (%)	40 (12.2)	39 (17.3)		36 (18.8)	34 (17.8)
Blood sampling data
Hemoglobin < 10 g/dL, n (%)	84 (25.6)	61 (27.0)	0.031	54 (28.3)	51 (26.7)	0.035
Platelet < 10000 /μL, n (%)	4 (1.2)	3 (1.3)	0.01	2 (1.0)	2 (1.0)	< 0.001

CT: Computed tomography; SMD: Standardized mean difference; IQR: interquartile range; NSAIDs: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.

Table 2 Outcomes of the main analysis

Outcomes	Early group (< 24 h)	Elective group (≥ 24 h)	Difference (95%CI)	P value
Primary outcome
Length of hospital stay, days, median (IQR)	7 (7–9)	8 (7– 9.5)		0.10
Secondary outcomes
Identification of stigmata of recent hemorrhage (%)	32.5 (62/191)	20.9 (40/191)	11.6 (2.7 to 20.3)	0.02
Rebleeding (%)	28.8 (55/191)	24.1 (46/191)	4.7 (-4.1 to 13.5)	0.35
Red blood cell transfusion ≥ 4 units (%)	29.3 (56/191)	27.7 (53/191)	1.6 (-7.5 to 10.6)	0.82
Interventional radiology and abdominal surgery (%)	2.1 (4/191)	1.6 (3/191)	0.5 (-2.2 to 3.2)	1.00

CI: Confidence interval; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 3 Results of sensitivity analysis for a colonoscopy exposure time of 12 h

Outcomes	Early group (< 12 h)	Elective group (≥ 12 h)	Difference (95%CI)	P value
Primary outcome
Length of hospital stay, median (IQR)	7 (6–9)	8 (7– 9)		0.09
Secondary outcomes
Identification of stigmata of recent hemorrhage (%)	40.8 (51/125)	33.6 (42/125)	7.2 (-4.7 to 19.1)	0.30
Rebleeding (%)	37.6 (47/125)	25.6 (32/125)	12.0 (0.6 to 23.4)	0.06
Red blood cell transfusion ≥ 4 units (%)	30.4 (38/125)	28.8 (36/125)	1.6 (-9.7 to 12.9)	0.89
Interventional radiology and abdominal surgery (%)	2.4 (3/125)	3.2 (4/125)	-0.8 (-4.9 to 3.3)	0.74

CI: Confidence interval; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 4 Results of sensitivity analysis using multivariate analysis

Primary outcome	Coefficient (95%CI)	P value
Length of hospital stay	0.08 (-0.71 to 0.87)	0.84
Secondary outcomes	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Identification of stigmata of recent hemorrhage	1.76 (1.14–2.70)	0.01
Rebleeding	1.21 (0.78–1.86)	0.39
Red blood cell transfusion ≥ 4 units	0.91 (0.55–1.50)	0.71
Interventional radiology and abdominal surgery	0.93 (0.23–3.78)	0.92

CI: Confidence interval.

Table 5 Different hemostatic methods in the main analysis

Hemostatic method	Early group (< 24 h)	Elective group (≥ 24 h)	P value
Direct clipping method, n (%)	17/60 (28.3)	9/40 (22.5)	0.794
Zipper clipping, method, n (%)	30/60 (50.0)	21/40 (52.5)
Endoscopic band ligation method, n (%)	13/60 (21.7)	10/40 (25.0)

Table 6 Rebleeding rates by hemostatic methods, n (%)

Hemostatic method	Direct clipping method (n = 43)	Zipper clipping method (n = 82)	Endoscopic band ligation method (n = 47)
Rebleeding	4 (9.3)	37 (45.1)	5 (10.6)