Tips and tricks for the diagnosis and management of biliary stenosis-state of the art review

doi:10.4253/wjge.v13.i10.473

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Oct 16, 2021 (publication date) through Nov 2, 2025

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

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1948-5190

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastrointest Endosc. Oct 16, 2021; 13(10): 473-490
Published online Oct 16, 2021. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i10.473

Table 1 Etiology of benign biliary stenosis

Iatrogenic	Post-cholecystectomy
	Post-liver transplantation (anastomotic, non-anastomotic)
	Hepaticojejunostomy anastomotic strictures
Autoimmune disease	Primary or secondary sclerosing cholangitis
	Autoimmune cholangitis (IgG4-related)
	Autoimmune pancreatitis
Chronic disease	Pancreatitis
	Choledocholithiasis
	Sarcoidosis
Infectious disease	Recurrent cholangitis, HIV cholangiopathy, tuberculosis
Ischemic disease
Abdominal trauma

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; IgG: Immunoglobulin G.

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Citation: Del Vecchio Blanco G, Mossa M, Troncone E, Argirò R, Anderloni A, Repici A, Paoluzi OA, Monteleone G. Tips and tricks for the diagnosis and management of biliary stenosis-state of the art review. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 13(10): 473-490
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5190/full/v13/i10/473.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v13.i10.473