Fluorescence guided intraluminal endoscopy in the gastrointestinal tract: A systematic review

Table 1 Search string in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane

Classification

(Endoscop OR Esophagoscop OR Gastroscop OR Gastroscopic Surgical Procedure OR Gastroscopic Surgical Procedures OR Colonoscop OR Colonoscopic Surgical Procedure OR Colonoscopic Surgical Procedures OR Surgery Gastroscopic OR Surgery Colonoscopic) AND (Indocyanine green fluorescence OR Indocyanine Green OR ICG OR fluorescent OR fluorescent dye OR fluorescence OR fluorescein OR near-infrared OR near infrared) AND (Upper Gastrointestinal Tract OR Lower Gastrointestinal Tract OR Upper gastrointestinal disease OR Lower gastrointestinal disease OR Upper gastrointestinal diseases OR Lower gastrointestinal diseases OR gastrointestinal tract OR gastrointestinal diseases OR GI diseases OR GI-diseases OR Upper GI-Diseases OR Lower GI-diseases)

ICG: Indocyanine green; GI: Gastrointestinal.

Table 2 Newcastle Ottawa quality assessment scale

Ref.	Selection					Comparability		Outcome				Total score
	1	2	3	4	Score	1	Score	1	2	3	Score
Iseki et al[25], 2000	a	b	a	a	●○●●	-	○○	a	a	a	●●●	Poor quality
Mataki et al[21], 2003	a	b	a	b	●○●○	-	○○	a	a	a	●●●	Poor quality
Okamoto et al[22], 2005	a	b	a	b	●○●○	-	○○	c	a	a	○●●	Poor quality
Ishihara et al[12], 2006	a	b	a	a	●○●●	-	○○	a	a	a	●●●	Poor quality
Kimura et al[23], 2007	a	b	a	b	●○●○	-	○○	a	a	a	●●●	Poor quality
Ortiz- Fernandez-Sordo et al[24], 2018	a	b	a	a	●○●●	-	○○	a	a	a	●●●	Poor quality
Hartmans et al[15], 2018	a	b	a	a	●○●●	-	○○	c	a	a	○●●	Poor quality

●/a: One star rewarded; ○/b/c: No star rewarded.

Table 3 Included studies

Ref.	Study design	Patients (n)	Age (yr)	Gender (M/W)	Diagnosis	Contrast	Dosage (mg/kg)	Adverse events	Endoscopic findings	Diagnostic accuracy (%)	Vessel count	Applicability
Iseki et al[25], 2000	Retrospective	37	59 (me)	25/12	Gastric cancer	ICG	2-5	N/A	16/18 M tumors: No stain or homogeneous stain. 17/19 SM or more invasive tumors: Inhomogeneous stain or pooling of the dye	89	Yes	Tumor invasion
Mataki et al[21], 2003	Retrospective	33	N/A	N/A	Early stage gastric cancer and gastric adenoma	ICG	1	None	0/8 adenomas: + fluorescence. 9/14 M tumors: + fluorescence. 11/11 SM tumors: + fluorescence	N/A	N/A	Tumor invasion
Okamoto et al[22], 2005	Retrospective	20	65 (me)	12/8	Varices	ICG	2, 0.1, 0.01, 0.005 or 0.001	None	Clear fluorescence with doses of ICG in 0.005 to 0.01 mg/kg	N/A	N/A	Detection of varices
Ishihara et al[12], 2006	Retrospective	30	N/A	N/A	Gastriccancer	ICG	2	N/A	21/23 M or SM tumors < 1 mm: No stain or homogeneous stain. 7/7 SM tumors > 1 mm: Inhomogeneous stain or pooling of the dye	93	N/A	Tumor invasion
Kimura et al[23], 2007	Retrospective	30	71.5 (me)	20/10	Early stage gastric cancer and gastric adenoma	ICG	0.01	None	1/20 M tumors: + fluorescence. 8/10 SM tumors: + fluorescence	N/A	Yes	Tumor invasion
Ortiz- Fernandez-Sordo et al[24], 2018	Pilot study	23	69 (49-85) (med)	20/3	Early neoplastic lesions within Barrett’s esophagus	ICG	2	None	7/23 tumors: No stain (5/7 were less than HGD) 18/23 tumors: Stain (17/18 were at least HGD, MC or SMC)	88	N/A	Detection of neoplasms
Hartmans et al[15], 2018	Retrospective	17	42 (20-65) (med)	5/12	FAP	Bevacizumab800CW	4.5, 10 or 25 mg	None	Colorectal adenomas detected at all doses by fluorescence	N/A	N/A	Detection of colorectal adenomas

N/A: Not applicable; FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis; M: Mucosal; SM: Submucosal; me: Mean; med: Median; No stain: Decreased dye accumulation in the tumor compared to surrounding mucosa; Homogeneous stain: Diffuse increased dye accumulation in the tumor compared to surrounding mucosa; Inhomogeneous stain: Scattered dye accumulation in the tumor; Pooling of the dye: Strong dye accumulation in the tumor; HGD: High grade dysplasia; MC: Mucosal carcinoma; SMC: Submucosal carcinoma.