Single operator choledochoscopy and its role in daily endoscopy routine

Figure 1 Principle of “Mother-Baby” endoscope technique.

Figure 2 Single-operator choledochoscopy system: “SpyGlass Direct Visualization System^®”.

Figure 3 SpyGlass system as integrated platform with light source, camera and monitor.

Figure 4 Components of the SpyGlass system.

Figure 5 SpyScope.

Figure 6 Re-designed biopsy forceps.

Figure 7 Typical cholangioscopic findings (source: A Hoffman). A: Normale bile duct; B: Inflammation with stricture; C: Cholangiocellular carcinoma with villous like appearance; D: Cholangiocellular carcinoma with ulcers and intraluminal growth.

Figure 8 Stone after direct probe-targeted fragmentation via short-pulsed laser waves (holmium laser) (Source: A Hoffman).