Mitigating challenges in endoscopic management of post-liver transplant biliary strictures

Figure 1  Duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis and Roux-en-Y biliary-enteric anastomosis.

Figure 2 Four anatomical zones of biliary tree of non-anastomotic biliary stricture classified by Buis classification. Zone A: Hilar bifurcation; zone B: Central intrahepatic ducts; zone C: Peripheral intrahepatic ducts; zone D: Terminal/septal ducts.

Figure 3 Endoscopic therapy of distal anastomotic biliary stricture with fully covered self-expandable metal stents. ABS: Anastomotic biliary stricture; FCSEMS: Fully covered self-expandable metal stents.

Figure 4 Endoscopic therapy of proximal anastomotic biliary stricture with multiple plastic stents. ABS: Anastomotic biliary stricture; MPS: Multiple plastic stents.