Endoscopic insights into digestive-related adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A narrative review

Figure 1  Main endoscopic features of immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors in the digestive system.

Figure 2 Endoscopic features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related inflammation. A: Terminal ileum with mild mucosal erythema and formation of superficial aphthous ulcerations; B: Mild colitis: Diffuse mucosal erythema with decreased vascular pattern; C: Moderate colitis: Marked erythematous, edematous, and friable mucosa with scattered superficial ulcerations, and loss of the vascular pattern; D: Severe colitis: Extensive mucosal ulceration with fibrin coating, absence of colonic haustration, complete obliteration of the vascular pattern, and fibrin deposition.

Figure 3  European society for medical oncology classification of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis based on endoscopic and/or histological findings.