Postoperative perforation risk after endoscopic removal of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Development and validation of a predictive nomogram

Figure 1 A flowchart of the study. ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; AUC: Area under the curve.

Figure 2 Analysis of risk factors for postoperative perforation in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors after endoscopic removal. ^aP < 0.05; ^cP < 0.001.

Figure 3 Tumor size distribution across clinical parameters in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. A: Tumor size was larger in patients with lower hemoglobin levels compared to those with higher hemoglobin levels; B: Tumor size between different locations (antrum/body vs cardia/fundus) was not statistically significant; C: Tumor size was larger in the exophytic type compared to the non-exophytic type; D: Longer operation duration was related to tumor size. ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. HGB: Hemoglobin.

Figure 4 Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting postoperative perforation in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. A: Nomogram depicting the contribution of key variables (tumor location, tumor size) to the predicted probability of perforation after endoscopic resection; B: Receiver operating characteristic curve for the training cohort. The area under the curve was 0.881; C: Receiver operating characteristic curve for the validation cohort (area under the curve = 0.878); D: Calibration curve for the training cohort; E: Calibration curve for the validation cohort. ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; AUC: Area under the curve.