修回日期: 2006-09-17
接受日期: 2006-09-25
在线出版日期: 2006-12-08
5-FU是治疗胃癌最基本的化疗药物之一, 二氢嘧啶脱氢酶(dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, DPD)是5-FU分解代谢的起始酶和限速酶, 在5-FU的治疗过程中起着重要的作用, 肿瘤组织中DPD表达上调可加速5-FU的分解, 使5-FU在形成细胞毒作用的核苷之前代谢成无抗癌活性的代谢产物, 减少了肿瘤部位的药物浓度, 降低了抗癌效果. 而外周血DPD含量增高, 导致5-FU在血浆中浓度的变化, 从而引起毒副反应的发生.
引文著录: 鲁明骞, 徐光川. 二氢嘧啶脱氢酶在胃癌中的研究现状. 世界华人消化杂志 2006; 14(34): 3290-3293
Revised: September 17, 2006
Accepted: September 25, 2006
Published online: December 8, 2006
N/A
- Citation: N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14(34): 3290-3293
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v14/i34/3290.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v14.i34.3290
胃癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一, 虽然西方国家胃癌死亡率明显下降, 但我国仍呈上升趋势, 发病率占恶性肿瘤的第二位, 死亡率占第一位.手术是胃癌的首选治疗手段, 但由于早期诊断率较低, 约60%-70%的患者确诊时已表现为局部复发或远处转移, 因此化疗在胃癌治疗中越来越受到广泛重视. 5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)是治疗胃癌最基本的化疗药物之一, 近来研究发现, 二氢嘧啶脱氢酶(dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, DPD)与5-FU在胃癌治疗中的消除率、疗效和毒副反应密切相关.
DPD广泛分布于各种正常组织, 以肝脏和外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC)中分布最多, 在肿瘤组织、炎性组织中也有分布[1]. 是由两个相同的亚基与一个相对分子质量为105 kDa的分子组成, 是一个高二聚体酶, 包括黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸、黄素单核苷酸、铁1硫中心. 被定位于染色体1q22的基因(DPD)编码, 包括23个外显子, 可转录为一种含1025个氨基酸的蛋白. 他是5-FU代谢失活的限速酶, 5-FU吸收后约80%-90%在肝脏中不断代谢生成二氢氟尿嘧啶(FUH2), 进而在其他相关酶的作用下生成a-氟b-丙氨酸、尿素、氨和二氧化碳并排出体外, 使药物失去活性, 从而减少了药物蓄积, 降低了5-FU大量掺入到正常组织细胞中产生细胞毒作用.
DPD的检测方法包括DPD活性的检测、DPD蛋白表达、DPD mRNA的表达. 这些检测方法又包括血液和组织DPD的检测.
(1)直接法: 应用放射酶免法测定PBMC中DPD活性, 以每毫克蛋白每分钟能代谢5-FU生成皮摩尔的二氢尿嘧啶(H2U)表示, 单位: pmol/(min·mg). Etienne et al[2]检测了185例恶性肿瘤患者DPD活性, 95%可信区间为65-559 pmol/(min·mg), 中位数为222 pmol/(min·mg). DPD活性<100 pmol/(min·mg)的患者接受5-FU化疗时会出现毒性. (2)间接法: DPD可将血浆中的内源性尿嘧啶(U)降解为H2U, 因此, H2U/U比值可间接反应DPD的活性.
可通过免疫组化和酶联免疫吸附实验来测定. Hotta et al[3]用ELISA法测定术前胃癌患者组织中的胸苷磷酸化酶(TP)与DPD含量, 可为后期选择治疗提供指导意义.
用DPD mAb进行免疫组化来检测细胞内DPD的表达. Ishikawa et al[4]采用此方法测定DPD活性范围为3.6-99.8 pmol/(min·mg), 但肿瘤组织与非肿瘤组织中的活性无差异.
近年DPD活性与DPD等位基因变化之间的研究日益增多, 认为DPD缺失可能与DPD等位基因变化有关. Wei et al[8]1996年首次发现二氢嘧啶脱氢酶基因(DPYD) 165 bp片段丢失会导致5-FU产生毒副反应, 其中14号外显子处的G→A突变是导致DPD活性低下从而产生细胞毒性的根本原因. 295-298delTCAT, 1897delC, T85C, C703T, G2657A, G2983T等基因突变也与DPD活性降低或缺失有关, 但A1627G和G2194A位点的基因突变并不引起DPD活性的降低和5-FU产生细胞毒性作用[9]. 此外, DPD外显子14缺失突变的携带者, 在使用5-FU治疗时, 发生致命性骨髓抑制的风险也显著增加[10].
DPD活性与患者的人种、性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、分期、分化、病理类型无关[11]. 但也有学者研究认为, 肿瘤分化程度与DPD表达水平有关, 未分化型肿瘤组织比分化型显著高表达(P<0.05), 有统计学意义[12-13]. Yoshida et al[14]采用免疫组化法测定23例肠癌和7例胃癌患者肿瘤组织和正常组织中DPD活性和TP水平, DPD活性在肠癌肿瘤组织中显著减少(P<0.01), 但胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合成酶(TS)却显著增加(P<0.01), 在胃癌中却没有差异, 各有3例(42.9%)患者高表达. Nakayama et al[15]采用ELISA法测定111例恶性肿瘤患者TP和DPD的表达水平, 却得出了完全相反的结论, 其中30例胃癌和81例肠癌, DPD在胃癌组织中与正常组织相比高表达, 在肠癌中表达水平完全相同, DPD在胃癌中的表达水平远高于肠癌组织. Nozawa et al[16]使用免疫组化法测定胃癌患者DPD的表达水平, 发现DPD指数与肿瘤进展及其他临床病理因素均无关. Ichikawa et al[13]用PCR技术测定DPD在肿瘤组织中的表达与临床病理因素也无关. DPD是5-FU分解代谢的起始酶和限速酶, DPD活性的高低与5-FU被清除的速度和量密切相关, 导致5-FU在血浆中浓度的变化, 从而引起毒副反应的发生. 但Di et al[17]研究认为DPD活性与5-FU的严重毒性反应却无关. DPD决定了5-FU代谢速度, DPD表达上调可加速5-FU在肿瘤组织中的分解, 会使5-FU在形成细胞毒作用的核苷之前代谢成无抗癌活性的代谢产物5-氟-b-丙氨酸, 减少了肿瘤部位的药物浓度, 降低了抗癌效果, 进一步引起耐药性的发生. Terashima et al[18-20]使用放免法测定140例胃癌患者DPD活性, 发现其水平与人体对5-FU反应的敏感性相关, 是其非常重要的预测因素, DPD活性越低, 肿瘤对5-FU越敏感. 在胃癌中, DPD活性低的肿瘤对5-FU更敏感, TP/DPD比值越高, 5-FU化疗效果越好[21]. Takiguchi et al[22]研究25例胃癌术后接受化疗的患者, 48%(12/25)对化疗有效(包括完全缓解和部分缓解). DPD活性检测6例为DPD高活性, 19例为低活性. 分析6例DPD高活性患者均属无效者, DPD低活性组中有12例对化疗有效. Kubota用DPD mRNA来预测肿瘤5-FU的敏感性[23]. DPD与预后的关系Napieralski et al[24]用PCR定量分析了7种与治疗相关性基因: TS, DPD, TP与DDP相关基因: ERCC1, ERCC4, KU80, GADD45A, 研究在进展性胃癌新辅助化疗中各个基因单独表达和联合表达与临床的关系, 结果显示, 高DPD水平常与患者治疗无反应和总生存有关. Nishna et al[25]研究TP/DPD在转移性胃癌中的临床意义时, 发现高比值组与低比值组的中位生存时间分别为300 d和183 d, 有统计学意义(P<0.05). DPD缺失会引起5-FU产生毒性. Gamelin et al[26]根据H2U/U值来调整5-FU的剂量, 从而减少毒副反应的发生, 实现个体化用药. 有学者根据TP/DPD值来预测5'-脱氧5-氟胞苷(5'-DFUR)和卡倍他滨的疗效[25]. DPD抑制剂的研究目前较成熟, 因为内脏中DPD活性越高, 导致5-FU在体内快速代谢, 减少了肿瘤组织对药物的吸收和非线性药代动力学[27]. Eniluracil可100%的灭活DPD, 从而可减少5-FU的用量[28]. S-1是5-氯-2, 4二氢嘧啶(CDHP)、替加氟(FT)和乳清酸钾(OXO)以0.4:1:1比例的复合制剂, 其中CDHP是DPD的抑制剂, 从而维持血中和肿瘤内的5-FU持续浓度[29]. Shimizu et al[30]用S-1一线治疗61例胃硬癌患者, 在DPD阳性组和阴性组中的反应率为45.5%, 10%(P<0.01), 但中位生存为364 d和406 d, 无统计学意义(P = 0.626). Usuki et al[31]研究了DIF(DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidines)疗效与DPD关系, 在可评价的27例胃癌患者中, 高DPD活性患者有效率为17%(2/12), 低活性者为33%(5/15). 在低DPD活性患者中, 非DIF药物疗效为无变化(NC)17%(16例), 其余表现为进展(PD); 优氟啶(UFT)疗效全部5例患者均为PD; 而S-1的有效率为44%(7/16), NC为25%(4/16). 在高DPD活性患者中, 非DIF(3例)和UFT(3例)的疗效均为PD, 而S-1的缓解(PR)为33%(2/6), NC及以上疗效为67%(4/6), 故推荐使用S-1而非优氟啶.
DPD与5-FU化疗毒性与敏感性的研究越来越深入, 这将为肿瘤的个体化治疗提供一种较好的理论依据, 他将指导临床合理选择用药和合适的用药剂量. 同时, 开发新一代DPD抑制剂将提高化疗效果, 减少毒副反应和耐药性的发生.
二氢嘧啶脱氢酶是5-FU分解代谢的起始酶和限速酶, 在5-FU的治疗过程中起着重要的作用, 研究发现, 二氢嘧啶脱氢酶与5-FU在胃癌治疗中的消除率、疗效和毒副反应密切相关.
本文综述了二氢嘧啶脱氢酶与胃癌的关系, 有一定的科学性、可读性, 但综述内容需要进一步补充和调整.
电编:李琪 编辑:王晓瑜
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